《英汉语言对比与翻译》教案3

第1讲导论主要内容：从语言对比角度探讨翻译概念阐释、翻译标准厘定、翻译过程梳理、翻译方法运用等与翻译相关的方方面面的问题。教学要求：了解翻译中的语言比较与对比概念，理解翻译概念、翻译标准、翻译过程等，掌握上述相关概念基本内容及其与语言对比相关的问题。重点、难点：语言比较与对比概念差异及其之于翻译能力培养的终极意义。一种事物的特点，要跟别的事物比较才显出来。——吕叔湘对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别。——吕叔湘Youcouldknowyourownlanguageonlyifyoucompareditwithotherlanguages.——EngelsExplainsomeofthepoints:1.Why“contrast”butnot“compare”?2.Whatis“language”?3.What’stheaimofcontrastivestudyoftwolanguages?4.Contentofstudy.5.AgeneralcontrastivestudyofChineseandEnglish6.Contrastivestudyofphonetics.Explanation:1.Compare:similarityoftwothingsContrast:differencesoftwothings语言对比是指不同语言间的对比分析，通常是通过compare和contrast两种途径。比较语言学（Comparativelinguistics）的主要任务是寻找不同语言间的共性。对比语言学(contrastivelinguistics)是对两种或两种以上的语言进行共时的对比研究，描述它们之间的异同特别是不同之处。2.起步阶段：二十世纪初——二十世纪四十年代末严复、赵元任、吕叔湘、王力停滞阶段：1949——1976复苏和发展阶段：1977年5月后，特别是进入九十年代后3.Whatis“language”?语言:语言是一种表达观念的符号系统。Language：thesystemofhumancommunicationwhichconsistsofthestructuredarrangementofsounds(ortheirwrittenrepresentation)intolargerunits,e.g.morphemes,words,groups/phrases,sentences4.What’stheaimofcontrastivestudy?1)促进英语教学：语音教学、写作教学以及翻译教学。2)西方对比语言学认为，一本好的外语教材，一方面对所学外语进行科学的描写，一方面对学生的本民族语进行平行描写，并加以仔细比较。通过两种或多种语言的对比研究，可以更好地认识语言的结构，进一步认识语言的本质。1.Introduction1.1Contrastiveanalysisversuscomparativelinguistics1.1.1DefinitionofcontrastiveanalysisContrastiveanalysisisabranchoflinguisticsthatmakessynchroniccontrastivestudyoftwoormorelanguagesinordertoshowthedifferencesandsimilarities,esp.thedifferences,andtomakeuseofthemmainlyinlanguageteachingandlearning.1.1.2DefinitionofcomparativelinguisticsComparativelinguisticsisabranchoflinguisticsthatmakesdiachroniccomparativestudyofmorelanguagesinordertoshowthedifferencesandsimilarities,esp.thesimilarities,andtofindtheproto-languageanddevelopetymology.1.1.3ComparisonsbetweencontrastiveanalysisandcomparativelinguisticsContrastiveanalysisComparativelinguisticsOthernames:ContrastivestudyComparativephilology（语文学）ContrastiveLinguisticsComparativegrammarTime:SynchronicDiachronicObject:DifferentlanguagesanddialectsDifferentlanguagesinthesamefamilyGoal:ToknowdifferencesandsimilaritiesToknowtheoriginalityoflanguagesContents:Phonology,morphology,syntaxandPhonology,morphology,syntaxsemanticsValue:Todeveloptypology（类型学）Tofindtheproto-language(共同原始语)TohelpcorrecterrorsTodevelopetymologyTohelplearnlanguageTohelpintranslation(HartmannandStork:1976)※typology:isolating,agglutinative,inflective1.1.4Fourquadrantsofcontrastiveanalysisandcomparativelinguisticswithinlanguage21diachronicsynchronic34betweenlanguages1.2Classificationofcontrastiveanalysis1.2.1ClassificationoflinguisticsGeneraltheoreticallinguistics(4)theoreticallinguistics(2)Concretetheoreticallinguistics(5)Linguistics(1)Generalappliedlinguistics(6)appliedlinguistics(3)Concreteappliedlinguistics(7)Generaltheoreticallinguistics(4):studyofgeneralcharacters,constructions,rules,methods,classificationsandtheirinterrelationsofhumanlanguageConcretetheoreticallinguistics(5):studyofacertainlanguage(soithasgotothernames:speciallinguistics,individuallinguistics)Generalappliedlinguistics(6):applicationofthelinguisticprinciplesandstudyachievementstolanguageteachingConcreteappliedlinguistics(7)applicationofthestudyofacertainlanguagestoacertainlanguageteaching1.2.2ClassificationofcontrastivelinguisticsGeneraltheoreticalcontrastivelinguistics(4)theoreticalcontrastivelinguistics(2)Concretetheoreticalcontrastivelinguistics(5)contrastivelinguistics(1)Generalappliedcontrastivelinguistics(6)appliedcontrastivelinguistics(3)Concreteappliedcontrastivelinguistics(7)Generaltheoreticalcontrastivelinguistics(4):studyofgeneraltheoriesandmethodsbetweentwoormorelanguagesConcretetheoreticalcontrastivelinguistics(5):descriptionsoftwoormorecertainlanguageswiththegeneraltheoriesandmethodsofcontrastivelinguisticsGeneralappliedcontrastivelinguistics(6):applicationofthestudyofgeneraltheoriesandmethodsofcontrastivelinguisticstolanguageteachingConcreteappliedcontrastivelinguistics(7):contrastoftwolanguagesforacertainpurposee.g.tocompileabookaboutgrammarbetweenEnglishandChinese1.3Name,originanddevelopmentofcontrastiveanalysis1.3.1Name:Contrastiveanalysis:analysisofdifficultlinguisticpointsContrastivestudies:theoriesandmethodsContrastivelinguistics:generalname,includingtheoryandapplication1.3.2OriginEurope:aroundtheyear1900,synchronicanalysisoflanguageAmerica:intheSecondWorldWar,behavioristpsychology(stimulus-response,Bloomfield)ThreefactorsAmericanstructuralism(anthropologist:Boas;Sapir;B.L.Whorf;Harris;C.F.Hockett)needofforeignlanguageteachingbecauseofwar1.3.3DevelopmentInternationalacademicconference:America,Romania,Poland,Finland,Germanyetc.Magazines:PapersandStudiesinContrastiveLinguistics(Poland)ContrastiveLinguistics(Bulgaria)Contrastive(France)China:赵元任APreliminaryStudyofEnglishIntonationandItsChineseEqivalents,1933※赵元任（1892-1982），留美哲学博士，兼攻物理，化学，音乐，语言．其六世祖赵翼（乾隆年间1736-1795进士）写有＂江山代有才人出，各领风骚数百年＂名句．夫人杨步伟（1889-1981）,留日医学博士．1971.6.1赵杨金婚，杨写有佳句：赵和有佳句：＂吵吵闹闹五十年，＂阴阳颠倒又团圆，人人都说好姻缘．犹似当年蜜蜜甜．元任今生欠我业，男女平权新世纪，颠倒阴阳再团圆．＂同偕造福为人间．＂※赵元任的学生有王力，朱德熙，吕叔湘等．2.雷的“神似”和钱钟书的“化