civil engineering1

BasicCivilEngineering土木工程概论都江堰帝国大厦世界第一斜拉桥－日本多多罗大桥“CivilEngineering”意为土木工程，直译是民用工程，它的原意是与“MilitaryEngineering”军事工程相对应的，即除了服务于战争的工程设计以外，所有服务于生活和生产需要的民用设施均属于土木工程。Civilengineeringisthatbranchofengineeringwhichaimstoprovideacomfortableandsafelivingforthepeople.中国国务院学位委员会在学科简介中定义为：“土木工程是建造各类工程设施的科学技术的总称，它既指工程建设的对象，即建在地上、地下、水中的各种工程设施，也指所应用的材料、设备和所进行的勘测设计、施工、保养、维修等技术”。Chapter1CivilEngineeringandMaterialsWhatistheCivilEngineering?1.1Introduction1.ScopeofCivilEngineeringStructuralengineeringGeotechnicalengineeringFluidmechanics,hydraulicsandhydraulicmachinesTransportationengineeringWatersupply,sanitaryandenvironmentalengineeringIrrigationengineeringSurveying,levellingandremotesensing1.2CivilEngineering房屋建筑道路铁路给排水港口工程水利工程桥梁Positioningandarrangingthevariouspartsofthestructureintodefiniteformtoachievebestutilisation.Findingoutthemagnitude,directionandnatureofvariousforcesactingonthestructure.Analysingthestructuretoknowthebehaviourofthevariouspartsofthestructuresubjectedtotheaboveforces.Designingthestructuresuchthatitsstabilityundertheactionofvariousloadsisensured.Executingtheworkwithselectedconstructionmaterialsandskilledworker.2.StructuralEngineeringTheconstructionofastructureneedsefficientplanning,designandmethodofconstruction.Thebasicideaaboutthesoil.Thepropertiesandbehaviourofsoilasamaterialunder“soilmechanics”.Thevarioustypesoffoundationsforastructure,formachine,etc.andtheirsuitability.Theanalysis,designandconstructionoffoundation.3.GeotechnicalEngineering土壤的基础理论土壤的性质和性能(状态)在土力学中被视为一种材料Thevarioustypesoffoundationsforastructure,formachine,etc.andtheirsuitability.Theanalysis,designandconstructionoffoundation.3.岩土工程Fluidmechanicsthepropertiesandbehaviouroffliudsatrestorinmotion.Hydraulicstheforceexertedbywaterandthebehaviourofwaterunderpressure.Hydraulicmachinesmachineswhichutilisethehydraulicenergyarecalledhydraulicmachines,suchasturbines,pumps,etc..4.Fluidmechanics,hydraulicsandhydraulicmachinesHighwayengineering(公路工程)Railwayengineering(铁路工程)Harbourengineering(港口工程)Airportengineering(机场工程)5.TransportationEngineeringThreetransportationmodes:land,waterandair.Thisspecialisationdealswiththedesign,constructionandexecutionofthecommunicationroutes.Watersupplyengineeringthelocation,collectionofwater,itstreatmentmethods,testsforstandardlimitsandefficientsupplyofwater.Sanitaryengineeringthecollectionofusedwater,theirtreatmentmethodsandeffectivedisposal.Environmentalengineeringthemethodsofprotectingtheenvironmentfromthedeleteriouseffectsofhumanactivity.6.WaterSupply,SanitaryandEnvironmentalEngineeringIrrigation:theprocessofsupplyingwaterbyman-mademethodsforthepurposeoflandcultivation.Irrigationengineeringincludesthestudyanddesignofworksrelatedtothecontrolofriverwaterandthedrainageofwaterloggedareas.Irrigationengineeringdealswiththecontrollingandharnessingofvariousresourcesofwater,byconstructingdams,reservoirs,canals,headworksanddistributionchannelstothecultivableland.7.IrrigationEngineeringSurveying:anartofcollectingdataformappingtherelativepositionsofpointsonthesurfaceoftheearth.Levelling:theprocessofdeterminingtherelativeheightsofthepointsonthesurfaceofearthinaverticalplane.Remotesensing:usesthetechniqueofobtainingthedataaboutanareabytakingaerialphotographs.8.Surveying,LevellingandRemoteSensingVariousfunctionsofacivilengineer:Investigation:collectthenecessarydatathatisrequiredbeforeplanningaproject.Surveying:preparemapsandplanstolocatethevariousstructuresofaprojectonthesurfaceofearth.Planning:preparethenecessarydrawingfortheprojectwithrespecttocapacity,sizeandlocationofitsvariouscomponents.Onthebasisofthisdrawing,apreliminaryestimateshouldbeworkedout.9.FunctionsofCivilEngineerVariousfunctionsofacivilengineer:Design:①Thesafedimensionofthecomponentsrequiredareworkedout.②Withthisdimensionadetaileddrawingispreparedforvariouscomponentsandalsoforthewholestructure.③Adetailedestimateisalsocalculated.Execution:thepreparationofschedulesforconstructionactivities,floatingoftenders,finalisationofcontracts,supervisionofconstructionwork,preparationofbillsandmaintenance.ResearchandDevelopment:toachieveeconomyandtoimprovetheefficiencytomeetthepresentandfutureneeds.9.FunctionsofCivilEngineerBrickStoneCementCementconcreteSteelWoodPlastic1.3ConstructionMaterials赵州桥三角形钢木绗架1.BricksThecommonbrickisoneoftheoldestbuildingmaterialsanditisextensivelyusedatpresentbecauseofitsdurability,strength,reliability,lowcost,etc.(1)QualitiesofgoodbricksPerfectedges,well-burntinkilns,coppercoloured,freefromcracks,properrectangularshapeandstandardsize.Clearringingsoundwhenstruckwitheachother.Homogeneousandfreefromvoids.Thepercentageabsorptionofwaterbyweightshouldnotbegreaterthan20percentforthefirstclassbricksand22percentforsecondclassbrickswhensoakedincoldwaterfor24hours.(1)QualitiesofgoodbricksBricksshouldbesufficientlyhard.Theaverageweightofbricksshouldbe3-3.5kg.Bricksshouldnotbreakwhendroppedfromaheightof1m.Bricksshouldhavelowthermalconductivityandshouldbesoundproof.Bricksshouldnotshowdepositsofsaltswhenimmersedinwateranddried.Theminimumcrushingstren