Unit 4 Diogenes and Alexander

GilbertHighetDiogenesandAlexanderBackgroundAlexanderDiogenesDiogenesandAlexanderUnit4Diogenes(412–324BC):Greekcynicphilosopherlivedinatubnicknamed“thedog”emphasizedself-sufficiencyandneedfornatural,uninhibitedbehavior,regardlessofsocialconventions.borninSinopecapturedbypiratesandsoldasaslavetoaCorinthian,whoappointedhimtutortohistwosons.BackgroundThefirstphilosophertooutlinethesethemeswasAntisthenes(安提西尼),apupilofSocratesinthelate5thcenturyBC.HewasfollowedbyDiogenesofSinope.DiogenestookCynicismtoitslogicalextremesandwasfollowedbyCratesofThebes(克拉特斯).Itdisappearedinthelate5thcenturyalthoughsomehaveclaimedthatearlyChristianityadoptedmanyofitsasceticandrhetoricalideas.苦行僧和夸张的想法BackgroundBackgroundAlexander•MacedonianKing:sonofPhilipII•TheThinker:studentofAristotle•TheConqueror:Greece,Asia,EgyptBackgroundAlexandertheGreat’sEmpireAlexanderSocrates(?470–399BC):AGreekphilosopherHisideasareknownfromPlato’swritings.Heisknownforencouragingpeopletothinkcarefullyaboutideasbeforeacceptedthemandfordevelopingamethodofexaminingidesaccordingtosystemofquestionsandanswersinordertofindouttruth.ThisisknownastheSocraticmethodordialectics.辩证法BackgroundPlato(429–347BC):Athenianphilosopher,adiscipleofSocratesandtheteacherofAristotle.HefoundedtheAcademyinAthens,oneoftheworld’sfirstcentersforadvancedscientificstudy.Hisphilosophicalwritingsarepresentedintheformofdialogues,withSocratesastheprinciplespeaker.Plato’spoliticaltheoriesappearintheRepublic,《理想国》inwhichheexploredthenatureandstructureofajustsociety.Background•Aristotle(385–323BC):Greekphilosopherandscientist.•HeisastudentofPlatoandatutorofAlexandertheGreat.•HeisoneofthemostinfluentialthinkersinthehistoryofWesternthought.•Hissurvivingworkscoversavastrangeofsubjects,includinglogic,language,ethics,politicsandnaturalscience,ect.•Socrates–Plato–Aristotle–AlexandertheGreatBackground•Hercules:•海格力斯大力神•GreekandRomanMythology•ThesonofZeusandAlcmence,aheroofsupermanstrengthandcourage•performedtwelveimmensetasksimposedonhime.g.Augeanstable（奥吉亚斯牛舍）:Theexpression“tocleantheAugeanStables”isusedinliteraturetodescribeaverydifficultunpleasantjob.Background•Achilles:•阿基里斯：出生后被其母倒提着在冥河水中浸过，除未浸到水的脚踵外，浑身刀枪不入•Achillesheel:aweaknessorvulnerablepoint.•唯一致命的弱点Background•TheTrojanWar:•AwarwasfoughtbetweentheGreeksandTrojans.•Cause：theTrojanPrinceParishadcarriedoffHelen,wifeofMenelaus,aGreekking.•Thewarwaswonbyatrick。•Greeksoldiershidinsideawoodenmodelofahorse.•TheTrojanstookitintoTroy.•HomerdescribestheTrojanWarinhisbooktheIliad.BackgroundWarmingupQuestions/Activities1.WhatdoestheauthortellusaboutDiogenes?Whowashe?Whatwashisphilosophy?Whatdidhethinkwastheproblemwithpeople?Howdidheintendtohelpthem?Whatwerethekeyvalueshepromoted?How,inhisopinion,couldwefindtruehappiness?2.WhatdoestheauthortellusaboutAlexander?WhatdidthiskinghaveincommonwithDiogenes,thebeggar?WhywasAlexanderconsideredamanofdestiny?3.Howwouldyoucontrastthetwocharacters?WhatdidDiogenesreallymeanwhenhesaidthatAlexanderwasblockingthesunlight?DetailedAnalysisStructureTextAnalysisCharacterAnalysisDiogenesandAlexanderUnit4TextAnalysisStructure1Paras.1-10Diogenes(life,philosophy,mission,waysofteaching)2Paras.11-13Alexander(aphilosopherkingwithaninquiring,noblemind)3Paras.14-17theirdramaticencounter•1.…donehisbusinesslikeadog.•hehademptiedhisbowelsorpassedwaterlikeadogattheroadside.•doone’sbusiness:euphemism•oldpeople:seniorcitizens;TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis•2.Sometimestheythrewbitsoffood,andgotscantthanks;sometimesamischievouspebble,andgotashowerofstonesandabuse.(para.1)•Paraphrase:•Sometimespeoplewouldthrowbitsoffoodtohim,buthehardlythankedthematall.Sometimestheywouldthrowapebbleathimforfun,butgetashowerofstonesandastreamofabuseinreturn.•amischievouspebble:•transferredepithet英语移就格TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis•2.Sometimestheythrewbitsoffood,andgotscantthanks;sometimesamischievouspebble,andgotashowerofstonesandabuse.(para.1)•Paraphrase:•Sometimespeoplewouldthrowbitsoffoodtohim,buthehardlythankedthematall.Sometimestheywouldthrowapebbleathimforfun,butgetashowerofstonesandastreamofabuseinreturn.•amischievouspebble:•transferredepithet英语移就格TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis•3.Hethoughteverybodylivedfartooelaborately,expensively,anxiously.(2)•Paraphrase:•Hethoughtthatourlifeistoocomplicated,toocostly,andgivesustoomuchpressure.•4.HewasthefounderofthecreedcalledCynicism(doggishness).•CynicismoriginallymeantdoggishnessbecauseDiogenes’philosophymadeitavirtuetolivelikeadog.TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisBackgroundCynicisminmodernsense:thebeliefofacynic,whomaintainsthatpeopleareallmotivatedbyselfishness,thatnoonewillhelpothersforgoodandsincerereasons愤世嫉俗,悲观冷漠,看破红尘DiogenesDiogenes:thebeggar(paras.1-4)TextAnalysisCharacterAnalysisDiogenes:afreemanOtherpeople:half-menShelterFurnitureDressFoodPossessionsNatureofthelifecask,astoragejarmadeofearthenwareahouse(big,withmanyrooms)nonebeds,chairs,etc.(elaborate)blanket(half-naked)clothes(expensive)bitsoffoodbeggedfromothers,drinkingfromhishollowedhandselaboratenonehorses,servants,bankaccounts(anxious)a