简论日本企业结合方式的变革

1130012(97)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3………………………………………5…………………………………………6………………………………………………8…………………………………………………11…………………………………12………………….13…………………………...16…………………………………………….20………………………………………20…..…………….22………………………………………25…………………………………………...28……………………………………………....28…………………………………31………………………35………………………………………………………………………..39…………………………………………………………………………..402……………………………………………………………………..41……………………………………………………………42……………………………………………………………443123[1]141123[]1995461253162380722[]1998199814808192[2]ISO9000[3]ISO14000[4]IASHHCCP310402186.2%68.1%55.3%,34.0%23.4%21.3%1.1%[5]501112[6][7]19552.3196548199240031.5%[8]1234[9]8013[10]19976Supplierbuyerrelationship11475%80%20%25%50%234(1)(2)[11]199051516195519891[12]172efficientconsumerresponse,ECRPOSEDIPOSefficientconsumerresponsequickresponse183219[13]PowerCenter[14]GMSGMS5019402030502050601949196421[15]1972[16]22[17]170708019451952194719493194860%1952196019521219601970196019602360708070808028080241993100595676[18]1995121341234419951021801985732519901004199219868[19]90198812902619926199341/101199399419931119942781717919953200051019199732823[20]2780VC10R&DR&D2816060701960245280197542051319606270001975173400083000354000[21]60196519756.70%5.96%196015%196520%197021%702980806070199219.6%19935353621992110000331990%122/11988572902384.5694124183918712.13050006500021.388222017725520.1[]AkiraGoto1997300230313233341971—801971—851981—911985—91R&D/3536373839[1][6][7][9][11][]19954411213010840136[2][]1998199812[3]ISO[4]ISO[5][]19961996175[8]19931182[10][12][]19971997254303[13][14]30453[15][]1984216[16]U.S.DepartmentofCommerceJAPAN:theGovernment-BusinessRelationship(1972).[17]1996731[18][]19951995X[19]1988121[20]1998242[21][23][28]AkiraGotoandHiroyukiOdagiri:InnovationinJapan,publishedbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.page295,page299,page24.[22][]1998279[24][25][26][27][]19951611641731651681691[]——19982[]4119953[]199519954[]199619965[]199719976[]199771998819899199610[]199711[]1998199812[]198413198814198415,,198216199717[]199718[],,198119,,199520198521199622[]NicholasValéry199923[]J.199724,,199825[]199926[]199527[US]EditedbyAKIRAGOTOandHIROYUKIODAGIRI:InnovationinJapan,CLARENDONPRESS.OXFORD1997.28[US]MARTINFRANSMAN:JapaneseComputerandCommunications,OXORDUNIVERSITYPRESS,1995.42123123123443R&DR&DR&DR&D123R&DABSTRACAfterthebubbleeconomyburstingthesystemictransformationhasbeencarriedoutinJapanateachlevelofenterprisescombinationmodedividedintofirm,inter-firmandnationthreelevels.Thetransformationwillbeanalyzedinthispapersoastoprovidingsomethingusefulforconstructionofmodernenterpriseinstitutionandit'sbackingsysteminourcountry.TheJapaneseenterpriseinstitutionwhichhasbeendevelopedfairlyperfectstepbystepaftertheSecondWorldWarcharacterizesbyemployeepriority,scatteringapportionandorganizingmarket.Economicrationalityhasbeenshowedwiththeinstitutionaccordingtotheeconomyefficiencyandacceptanceextentbysociety.Therunningsystemofenterpriseshastobereformedbecausetherationalityfacesthechallengeofthechangeofeconomysurroundingsuchaseconomyglobalization,industrialstructureupgrading,Japaneseeconomymaturingandsoon.Somedistinguishingfeatureasfollowpresentsinthereforming:firstlystrengeninglegalpersonhegemoly;secondly44valueingglobalmanagementstrategy;thirdlythetendencyfromcollectivismandequalitarianismtoindividualismandachievementprinciple.Onthecombiningmannerofenterprises,someimportantchangestookplaceinenterprisegroups,seriesinstitutionandproducing-marketingsystem.Conventionalenterprisegroupsfacesthechallengebecauseofignoringgroupsasoneaccountingunitandfoundingsubsidiaryfullofindependenceandcompetitiveness.Enterprisegroupsreformationpresentsthefollowingtendency:firstlystrengtheninggrouporganization,secondlyintensifyinggroupsmanagementsystem,thirdlyraisingcompetitivenessoftheglobalgroupasoneunit.Becauseofthedefectinpromotingcompetition,breakthroughintechnologyandobtaininglowcostfoundsthesupplier-buyerrelationisadjustedsoastobringpositiveroleintoplayinspecialindustry.Manychangeshavetookplaceinproductandmarketingsystemsincethebubbleeconomybursting,suchastheinnovatingofconventionalcomprehensivecommercialcorporationandthereformingofretailmarket.Thedevelopmentofproducing-marketingleaguewillbringimportantinfluenceonmarketingmethods,product-marketsystemandcompetingstructureofindustry.IntimateandharmoniousrelationbetweengovernmentandindustrycircleistheimportantcausethatJapanesemanufactureroseabruptlyaftertheSecondWorldWar.Theunitedfrontbetweengovernmentandindustrycircleorientateddevelopingismovingtowardtheendbecauseofdevelopmentobjectiveachieving,consumermaturingandinternationaleconomyconflicting.Nowthemaingoalofindustrypolicyisturningfromdevelopingtoharmonizing.Forthepurposemanymeasuresareadoptedinindustrystructure,marketingentranceanddemandorientated.Loosingregulatingandreformingregulationsystemisanimportantfieldinreforminggovernmentandindustrysystem.Thereformingwillbringmomentousinfluenceonthegovernmentandindustrysystem.Firstlymarketprinciplewillbeincrea