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CPA之审计TAXATION学习笔记作者:池骋PartA:TheTaxEquationIncometax=(taxableincome*rate)–taxoffsets这里的taxoffsets指的是rebates&credits,而不是deduction。因为taxoffsets是直接对税金进行抵减,因此跟deduction相比,offsets更具有价值。PartB:AssessableIncomeAssessableincome包括了ordinaryincome和statutoryincome。Figure2.1列出了assessableincome,ordinaryincome,statutoryincome,non-assessablenon-exemptincome和exemptincome之间的关系。OrdinaryincomeSection6-5对ordinaryincome进行了解释。Section6-5(4)providesthatordinaryincomeistakentohavebeenderivedbyataxpayerassoonasitisappliedordealtwithinanywayontheperson’sbehalf.这就意味着,即使纳税人将自己的一部分收入无偿转让给其他人,这部分收入还是要上税的。StatutoryincomeSubsection(2)对statutoryincome的解释很二百五,即:非ordinaryincome,但是属于assessableincome的收入,属于statutoryincome。S.6-25(2)statesthattheprovisionsregardingstatutoryincomegenerallyprevailovertherulesaboutordinaryincome.ExemptincomeDivision11列出了作为exemptincome的例子。Section11-1指出,属于ordinaryincome或者statutoryincome范畴的exemptincome可以被分成三种类型:Ordinaryorstatutoryincomeofentitiesthatareexemptnomatterwhattypeofordinaryorstatutoryincometheyhave;Ordinaryorstatutoryincomethatisexempt,nomatterwhoseitis;Ordinaryorstatutoryincomethatisexemptonlyifitisderivedbycertainentities.作为statutoryincome,如果需要被豁免,则必须有法律上的规定。在判定某一项收入是否获得豁免是非常重要的,因为之后会产生一系列的后果:1)Itisnotassessableandisthereforetaxfree;2)Itmayreducethedeductionallowableforeataxloss;3)Alossoroutgoingincurredinderivingtheexemptincomeisnotallowablededuction;4)Thedisposalofanassetusedtoproduceexemptincomedoesnotgiverisetoacapitalgainorloss.Non-assessablenon-exemptincome例子:1)whereincomederivedduringonetaxyearhastoberepaidinalatertaxyear;2)wheretradingstockissoldoutsidetheordinarycourseofbusiness;3)GST.Ordinaryincome–somecommonlawconceptsOrdinaryincome包括三种类型:incomefrompersonalservices,incomefromcarryingonabusiness,andincomefromproperty。材料列举了一系列的,在案例法下所确认的ordinaryincome的类型。这里面需要注意的是apersoncannotderiveincomebydealingwithher/himself。具体的事例就是一些俱乐部。俱乐部从会员那里所收取的费用不确认为俱乐部的营业收入,因为会员作为俱乐部的所有人之一,这些费用具有资本的性质。而那些由非会员所缴纳的费用,则可以作为收入确认。ResidenceIndividuals对于个人,residency的确认主要有三种方式,其中最重要的两种分别为:domiciletest和183-daytest。Domiciletest一般用于判定离开澳洲的纳税人,而183-daytest则用来来到澳洲的纳税人。Companies判断一家公司的residency,通常有两种方式:1.ItisincorporatedinAustralia;or2.AlthoughnotincorporatedinAustraliaitcarriesonbusinessinAustraliaandhaseither:ItscentralmanagementandcontrolinAustralia;orItsvotingpowercontrolledbyshareholderswhoareresidentsofAustralia.比较常用的测试方式来自于案例DeBeersConsolidatedMinesLtdv.Howe[1906]:“Iregardthatasthetruerule…therealbusinessiscarriedonwherethecentralmanagementandcontrolactuallyabides。”需要注意的一点是,一家非澳洲注册的公司,即使它在澳洲有单纯的营业业务(meretrading),我们不能仅凭此判定这家公司是Australianresident。在判断一家公司的核心管理在何处,法院不但会调查董事们在何处开会,还要考虑公司的日常营运的管理地点。DerivationofIncome由于所需要缴纳的税金,取决于纳税人在纳税年度所获得的收入。因此,判断收入的时点是非常重要的。即:Theissueofwhenincomeisderivedisthereforecrucialfordeterminingwhenincomewillbetaxed。案例FCofTv.Thorogood(1927)的判决指出:’derived’isnotnecessarily‘actuallyreceived’,butordinarilythatisthemodeofderivation。Cashoraccrualsbasis在决定税金的计算基础时,最高法院认为,公司应该采取最能够正确反映收入的方法。InTaxationRulingTR98/1,theCommissionerprovidesguidelinesonwhichmethodwillprovidethecorrectbasisonwhichtodetermineincome。Cashbasis:1)ifincomederivedbyanemployee;2)ifincomederivedinanon-businessactivityinprovidingknowledgeorskill.Accrualbasis:1)saleoftradingstock;2)theuseofcirculatingcapital;3)theuseofstaff&equipment.Installmentsales以分期付款方式而发生的销售收入,税法上按照商品销售出去并且已经运送的时点确认收入。由此而产生的利息收入,则分期确认为assessableincome。案例J.Rowe&.FCofT71ATC4001,法院认为:thatthesalepricewasearnedwhenthegoodsweresoldanddeliveredregardlessofwhenpaymentwasdue。Incomefromproperty源自于不动产的收入,一般采用Cashbasis来确认收入的时点:Incomefromproperty,whetheritberent,royalties,interestorsomeotheritem,willnohavethecharacteristicsofincomeuntilitispaidandreceived。Wageandsalaryearners钱到手的时候上税,即使你的部分工资是支付你在前一个税务年度所提供的服务。AmountsreceivedinadvanceTheincomewasnottakentobederiveduntiltheserviceorgoodshadbeensupplied.Long-termconstructioncontractsTaxationRulingIT2450上规定,有两种方式可以用来作为计算收入:the‘basicapproach’和the‘estimatedprofitsmethod’。RedirectionofincomeSection6-5(4):Inworkingoutwhetheryouhavederivedanamountofordinaryincome,and(ifso)whenyouderivedit,youaretakentohavereceivedtheamountassoonasitisappliedordealtwithinanywayonyourbehalforasyoudirect.Section6-10(3):Ifanamountwouldbestatutoryincomeapartfromthefactthatyouhavenotreceivedit,itbecomesstatutoryincomeassoonasitisappliedordealtwithinanywayonyourbehalforasyoudirect.材料列出了适用s6-5(4)的两种情形:第一种情况,是salarysacrificearrangement,当员工要求公司将其部分工资作为额外的superannuation;第二种情况,是员工要求公司将其本年度的部分工资延迟到下一年度发放。PartC:IncomeFromBusiness一般情况下,ordinaryincome包括来自于经营收入(incomefrombusiness)。因此,判定一个business的存在是必要的。判断一项业务组成的标准,以及获得收入的活动,都来自于commonlaw。ExistenceofabusinessTheactualexistenceofabusinessisaquestionoffactanddegree.材料中列举了一部分用来判断的因素,包括:thedegreeofsystemandorganizationused,scaleofactivities,repetitivetransactions,profitfactor,typeofactivity,andtime。Section6-5andincomefrombusiness税法上,对来自于经营收入的判定,基本上来自于s.6-5以及commonlaw的先例。在ScottishAustralianMiningv.FCofT(1950)里,企业在单纯的收回投资项目时所产生的利润,不属于企业的营运收入。但是,这个先例所产生的影响,则被随后的案例所削弱。案例FCofTv.WhitfordsBeachPtyLtd82ATC4031的判决,增加了将s.6-5用于个别交易(isolate
本文标题:CPA-之-审计-TAXATION-学习笔记
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