《非谓语动词》讲解

非谓语动词1．性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。2．形式不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语.3．语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。逻辑主语能发出该动作（发）逻辑主语不能发出该动作（收）不发不收用结构：动词不定式：用独立结构。动名词：用复合结构。分词：用独立主格结构3)A:如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由for引起的短语。Itiseasyforthestudentstoread.Itwillbeamistakeforustohelpyou.B:下列形容词作表语时，不定式前常加一个of引起的短语，这些形容词是：(表评价性的，来说明逻辑主语的性质，特征，属性）kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,stupid,foolish,wrong,right,careless,rude,polite,naughtyetc.It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.It’sunwiseofhimtoleavehomeatonce.It‘swrongofhimtospeakbadbehindothers.It’swrongforthesouthtobreakawayfromtheUnion.2．不定式作表语1.Herworkis______(look)afterthechildren.2.Myaimis______(go)toTsingHuaUniversity.3.Sheseemed______(think)abouttheproblem.4.Theyappeared_____(agree)withwhatwesaid.不定式作be动词的表语时可以和主语部分调换，说明主语的内容。3．不定式作宾语：有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有：want,demand,hope,wish,expect;like,hate;start,begin;fail,help,offer,try,manage,pretend,forget,remember,promise,prepare,learn,agree,plan,determine,prefer,intend,etc.如作宾语的不定式有自己的补语，须用先行词it作formobject，而将真正的宾语不定式后置。think,find,feel,consider,make…HefounditimportanttostudyRussian.Thecomputermakesitpossibletocalculatefaster.不定式一般不能作介词的宾语，只有在极少数介词如：but,except等后才行，此时不定式可带to或不带to.Heseldomcomesexcepttolookatmypictures.Wehavenochoicebuttowaitoutside.Theycoulddonothingbutaskforhelp.4.不定式作定语Changethefollowingintoinfinitives.Hewasthefirstpersonthatcametotheclassroomthismorning.Doyouhaveanythingthatyouwanttosay?Herearesomebooksthatyoucanread.Hethoughtoutaplan_____(punish)Tom.Heisalwaysthelast_____(come)toofficePleasegivemeaknife_____(cut)with.作定语的不定式如是不及物动词，不定式后面须有相应的介词。5.不定式作状语。状语的形式很多，有目的、结果、原因、条件、让步、比较、方式、伴随等，但目的、结果要用不定式。目的状语还可用inorderto或soasto来表示.结果状语还可用so…asto…,such…asto…,enoughto…,too…to…,onlyto…等结构来表示不定式在作表语/补语的形容词后面作状语，用主动形式表被动意思。Thisquestionisdifficult_____(answer).Doyouthinkhimeasy_____(work)with?Wefindthisrulehard_____(remember).不定式中作结果状语的注意点：1）某些形容词在“too…to…”结构中表示肯定，这类词是：anxious,eager,glad,ready,surprised,willing…Shewastoosurprisedtoseehowangryherfatherwas.2）在not,never,only,all,but等后的”too…to…”结构中，”too”的含义为”very”，不定式没有否定含义。I’monlytoogladtostayathome.It’snevertoooldtolearn.不定式的时态与语态：1）一般式：不定式表示的动作常与谓语的动作同时（或几乎同时）发生，或在它之后发生。Isawhimgoout.Iplantoattendthemeetingtobeheldtomorrow.2）进行式：不定式表示的动作正在进行。I’mverygladtobeworkingwithyou.3）完成式：不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Thearticleissaidtohavebeenreadbymanypeople.不定式作独立成分。Totell(you)thetruth,hedoesn’tagreewithyou.Tobeginwith,Beijingisaverybeautifulcity.不定式与疑问词who,which,when,where,how,what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语，表语，宾语等。Hedidn’tknowwhattosay.Howtosolvetheproblemisimportant.Myquestioniswhentostart.不定式与动名词的区别：不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作：It’snogoodeatingtoomuchfat.It’snotgoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.2．动名词作表语.动名词作表语与主语是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。1.Herworkis______(look)afterthechildren.2.Myaimis______(go)toTsingHuaUniversity.3.Oneofmybadhabitsis______(bite)nails（指甲）3．动名词作宾语mecafps+doing(mind,miss,excuse,enjoy,escapeconsider,admit(承认)，advise,appreciate=enjoy,avoid,finish,face,practise,suggest,stop,delay,imagine,include,keep,quit,resist,risk,understand,beusedto,lookforwardto,objectto,payattentionto,etc.以及介词后接动名词doing动名词与不定式的不同含义：beafraidtodo不敢、害怕、胆怯去做某事beafraidofdoing担心、恐怕出现2)forgettodosth.忘记去做某事（未做）forgetdoingsth.忘记做过了某事（已做）Thelightintheofficeisoff.Itwasshewhoturneditoff,butsheherselfforgot_______(turn)itoff.Thelightintheofficeisstillon.Sheforgot______(turn)itoff.3)remembertodosth.记着去做某事（未做）rememberdoingsth.记着做了某事（已做）Doyouremember______(meet)meatapartylastyear?Youmustremember______(leave)tomorrow.4)stoptodosth.stopdoingsth.5)regrettodosth.遗憾地说/告诉…regretdoingsth.后悔做了…Iregret_____(go)tohishometown.Iregret_____(tell)youthetruth.6)trytodosth.trydoingsth.Youmusttry_____(do)itagain.Let’stry_____(do)theworkinsomeotherway.7)meantodosth.meandoingsth.Ifitmeans_____(delay)morethanaweek,I’llnotwait.Imean_____(go),andnothingcanstopme.8)goontodosth.goondoingsth.9)can’thelpdoingsth.情不自禁，不禁can’thelp(to)dosth.不能帮忙做…10.permit/allow/advise+doingsth.+sb.todosth.11.start/begin/continue/like/love/hate+todosth.+doingsth.12.S.+wanttodosth.S.+wantsb.todosth./wantsth.tobedoneS.+want+doing/tobedone13.S.+need+todosth.S.+need+doing/tobedone14.S.+requiresb.todosth./requiresth.tobedoneS.+require+doing/tobedone15.S.+isworth+doing动名词在句中是主动的形式，但含有被动的意思。动名词复合结构的一般规则是：1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。Tom’s(His)comingiswhatwehaveexpected.Shedidn’tmindJack/Jack’s(him/his)cominghere.2.逻辑主语是无生命的名词：只用名词普通格。Isthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthematch?3.逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone时，只有普通格。Shewasdisturbedbysomebodyshoutingoutside.动名词的时态和语态1）动名词的时态：一般式和完成式如G.的动作没明确表示出时间是与谓语同时发生或在谓语之前发生，用一般式。Weareinterestedin_____(play)chess.如G.的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用完成式。I’msorryfornot_____(keep)mypromise.但在某些词后，常用一般式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。Onhearingthebadnews,shecried.I’llneverforgetseeingthatfilmforthefirsttime.2）动名词的语态doingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendoneHewasafraidof_____(leave