后现代小说

PostmodernAmericanNovelsMultifacetedlifeCulturalenvironment•Acounterculture•Feminism•Prevailingskepticism•MultifacetedlifeThemes•Tyrannyofsociety•Subjugationoftheindividual•Questforself-identity•Self-indulgenceofthewriterinrelationtoone’senvironmentTheparody戏仿•Apostmoderndevice•Ridicule,humorousimitationofclassical,establishedtextssoastosaluteorsubverttheoriginalversion.•《大话西游》BlackHumor,Blackcomedy•Theblacknessofmodernlifeislaughter•Laughinginfaceofatragicsituation•Opentheselfuptothatdisorderandcontingencywhichwebelievenoartcanmediate•Rejectthemodernistnostalgiaforanorganicwholeness•UncertaintyistheruleMeta-fiction•Aformofwritingaboutfictionintheformoffiction•Tellthereadersthatfictionisfictionandisnotanillusionofrealityastherealistsdeceived•WritingisafabricatedtextmanipulatedbytheauthorinkeepingwithhisownvaluesandsubjecttothereadingofreaderswhocometotheworkalreadywiththeirculturesandbackgroundsAvant-gardism•Anavant-gardenovelrepresentsacleanbreakawayfromnormalnovelisticconventions•Oftendull,evenoffensivetomiddlebrowtaste•OftennotreadablePostmoderndevices•Truthandrealityaremultiple,elusive,uncertain•Anypretensionofanytraditionalformtorepresentrealityauthenticallyasillegitimateandmisleading•DeliberatelycreateconfusioninthereadersRepresentativefigures•SaulBellow•NormanMailer•J.D.Salinger•JohnUpdike•JohnCheever•FlanneryO’Connor•PhilipRoth•KurtVonnegut•JohnBarth•ThomasPynchon•JackKerouac•NabokovSaulBellow•AJewishAmericanwriter•Three-foldedtheme:•Moderncivilizationtendstodehumanize•Materialaffluencedistractsandproduceasenseofalienation•Questmotif:fortruth,values,successfulintheendHischaracters•Intellectual,Contemplative,Sufferfrompsychosis,trytodiscover“thequeernessofexistence”andovercomeit•Gothroughaphasebeforetheyregainmentalserenity•ToBellow:•Humansearchforaffirmationshouldendhappily,andpeopleshouldseelightattheendofthetunnel.•NotalwayshappyendingbutcallforhopemorethandespairBellow’sJewishheritage•Anurgetotalkabouthumanexistence•ChosenpeoplebyGod,butrejectedbyhumancommunity•Thesenseofalienation•Identicalwithcontemporarymen•Characters’ordealhelptobringouthishumanityandalleviatehissufferingHerzog《赫索格》•Unemployedprofessorofphysics•At47:aperplexingphaseoflife•Divorcedfromhisyoungwife•Fightforthecustodyofhisdaughter•Beginstowriteletterswhichhedoesnotintendtomailout(bothlivinganddead)•mediatesalotbutactslittleHerzog’sgradualmovement•Complainsallbuthimself•Self-analysis•LaunchesoutasaMessiahfigure•Formrestlesstotranquility•Correspondstothechangeofthetimes:•The1950s,1960s:fromModernismtopostmodernismTransitionoftheme•Themodernist:•Imposeshapeandsignificanceonlife•Thepostmodernist:•AcceptlifeforwhatitisandtrytomakesenseofitforsurvivalFormalaspect•Thefirsttwothirdsofthebook:•Streamofconsciousness•Toldmostlyin3rdPOV•Herzogisthinkingandtellinghisstory•Thelastthird:•Pacequickenswithmoreaction,lessthought,indicatinghismovementfromself-immersiontoclosercontactwithrealityandfinalacceptanceofit.Whatcanartdo?•Achievesstillnessinthemidstofchaos•Beginningwithdisorder,goestowardorderby“anunknownprocessoftheimagination”Bellow’sambition•DrawfromFlaubert,Dreiser,Tolstoy•Realistictradition•AlsofromJamesJoyce,Proust•Explorethesubconscious,chaotic•ThecombinationofrealismandmodernismandpostmodernismNormanMailer•Joinedthewarandobsessedwiththeideatowriteabigwarbook•TheNakedandtheDead《裸者与死者》•Naturalisticwriting•AvictoryfortheU.S.armybutapersonaldefeat•Masterfulplanforendsinnothing•“Thetimemachine”•Theydefinedthemselvesbytheirowninnerlights,ratherthaninaccordancewithanyexteriormeasure•Cummings:self-aggrandizement(自我膨胀)•Hearn:findachannelforunrealizedpower•Croft:makesnoefforttoseekpower•Choruses:•soldiers’conversations,reflectsoldiers’attitudes•Time-machine:•Biographicalsketchesofthemajorcharacters,annotatethemainstoryline•ExaminingthewilloftheindividualsinrelationtocontextualrestraintsinmicroscopicdetailsJ.D.Salinger•Wroteonlyonenovel•Shyandunsociable•TheCatcherintheRye《麦田里的守望者》•Sadstoryofgrowingup•AhighschoolboygrowingupintheworldofdecadentNewYorkHoldenCaulfield•Expelledfromschool•Checksinahotelthatcrawlsintoprostitutesandqueers•Theadultworldisphony•Hisfriend,teacher,sister•Recoversinapsychiatricward•Representsasocialtypeofadolescentsthrownuponthemselvesinacorruptanddecadentworld•Theboyislonely,bewildered•韩寒：《三重门》JohnUpdike•“Rabbit”pentalogy:•RabbitRun•ApersonofnoimportanceinAmericanmiddleclasssociety•Basketballstarinhighschool•Pettybluecollar•Rabbit:uncontrollablesexualdesireandhisplaceasapettypersoninsocietyandthefactthatheisalwaysrunningawayfromsomethingrun•Runfromjobtojob•Fromadvisertoadviser•Fromwomantowoman•Symptomaticofhisage:•Hasenergybutdoesnothaveachannelforit•Thewayofliving:makinglove,mediocrejob,takecareofclothes,golf•Theportraitofapersonlivingontheedgeofabyss,withoutanyspiritualresource,leftallalonetoshiftforhimselfinasocietywhichgenerateshardnessoftheheartandofferslittlehopeforgraceandsalvationJohnCheever•Suburbanlife,middleclasspeople•Beautifulhouses,well-offlives•Strugglewithsinsandguilt,copewiththeirimpossibleexperiences,e