古罗马与罗马共和国

古罗马与罗马共和国AncientRomeandtheRomanRepublic1Geography-LocatedontheItalianpeninsula,inthecenteroftheMediterraneanSea-TheAlpsareintheNorth-TheApennineMts.areontheeasterncoast-broad,fertileplainsinthenorthandwest2EarlyCivilization-Italywasoriginallyoccupiedbymanydifferentgroupsofpeople-TwomaingroupswereGreekcolonistsandtheEtruscans-TheEtruscansruledmuchofcentralItalyandRomeitself-AncestorsoftheRomans,theLatins,settledintheareathatisnowRomearound800B.C.3LegendoftheFoundingofRome-Legendhasitthattwinbrothers,RomulusandRemusfoundedthecity-Accordingtothetale,thetwins’motherwasaLatinwomanandtheirfatherwasthewargodMars-ThisledRomanstobelievethattheyhadadivineorigin4RomeGeographyRomeislocated:-OnthebanksoftheTiberRiver-Onandaroundsevenhills5Whywouldthisgeographiclocationbeanadvantage?Politics-RomansdroveouttheirEtruscanrulerandestablishedarepublic-Theydidnotwantonepersontohaveallthepower-509B.C.RomeisFounded6StructureoftheRepublic-Patricians=landholdingupperclass-Plebeians=farmers,merchants,artisans,traders-Senate=governingbody-Consuls=twopatricians-Dictator=assignedtobeinchargeintheeventofawarforsixmonthsPatriciansPlebeians7Patriciansvs.Plebeians-Plebeianshavenosayinthegovernment-Eventuallygettoelecttheirownofficialscalledtribunesin494B.C.-For84years,(421-337B.C.)plebeiansfoughttohavearoleineachpartofthegovernment8SocialStructures-Amanwastheheadofthehouseholdandhiswifeandchildrendidnotquestionhisauthority-Overcenturies,womenreceivedmorerights.Theseincluded:-Owningproperty-Runningbusinesses-Allchildrenweretaughttolearntoreadandwrite-Wealthyhadprivatetutorsfortheirchildren9Religion-Romanswerepolytheistic-theybelievedinmanygodsandgoddesses-ManyofthegodswereadaptedfromtheGreekgodsGreekGodRomanGodZeus-rulerofallgodsJupiter-rulerofallgodsHera-wifeofZeus,protectedmarriageJuno-wifeofJupiter,protectedmarriagePoseidon-godoftheseaNeptune-godofthesea-Romancalendarisfulloffeastsandcelebrationstohonorthegodsandgoddesses-Templesforworshiptoaskfordivineassistance10Politics-RomegrowsstrongandbeginsconqueringtherestofItaly-By270B.C.,RomecontrolsmostoftheItalianpeninsula-Militaryismadeupofcitizens-Romeconqueredjustly-allowingthoseconqueredtokeeptheirculture,customs,andgovernment-aslongastheysuppliedsoldiers,paidtaxes,andacknowledgeRomanleadership11ThePunicWars-CarthagehadanempirethroughouttheMediterranean-RomefoughtCarthageinthreewarsfrom264B.C.to146B.C.(118years!)-BytheThirdPunicWar,RomehadcompletelydestroyedCarthageandgainedallofCarthage’sterritory12Economics-ConquestsbroughtmuchwealthtoRome-Wealthyfamiliesboughthugeestatescalledlatifundia.-Romansforcedthepeopletheyconqueredtoworkasslavesonthelatifundia-Slavelaborhurtthesmallfarmersbecauseitcostthemmoretoproducefood,andthepricewasdrivendownbytheimmensequantitiescomingintoRome-Farmersfellintodebt,soldtheirland,andmovedtothecitylookingforwork-gapbetweenrichandpoorwidens=riotsandchaos13TheGracchusBrothers•Thebrothersworkedtogetthestatetodistributethelandtothepoorfarmers•Theyalsoworkedtogetthestatetobuygraintofeedthepoor•Senatefelttheywereathreattoitspower,andhiredthugstokillthebrothersandtheirfollowers-TiberiusandGaiusGracchuswerepatricianswhowereelectedtribunes14RepublictoEmpire-Civilwarsbreakouttodecidewhoshouldholdpower.Thesenatewantedtokeepthestatusquo;politicalleaderswantedtoweakenthesenateandenactreforms-Slaveuprisingsthroughouttherepublic-Armiesbecameloyaltotheircommandersbecausetheygavethembenefitssuchascapturedland15