南农本科生有机肥课程(双语)

第11章有机肥料Chapter11Organicfertilizers南京农业大学沈其荣Email:[e-mail]13901586468目录Content11.1发展有机肥料的意义Significanceoforganicfertilizerdevelopment11.2堆肥(商品有机肥生产)工艺与技术Technologyofcomposting(toproducecommercialorganicfertilizers)11.3高附加值有机（类）肥料Highvalue-addedorganic-basedfertilizers11.4根际有益微生物（PGPR,SQR9）与根表形成生物膜相关的遗传改良GeneticimprovementsrelatedtobiofilmformationofPGPR,SQR9onroots11.5南京农业大学有机（类）肥料研究生工作站简介11.6鸣谢Acknowledgement11.1发展有机肥料的意义Significanceoforganicfertilizerdevelopment传统有机肥Traditionalorganicfertilizers,suchasorganicmanures,cropstraws肥料Fertilizers化肥Chemicalfertilizers有机肥料Organicfertilizers单质化肥Singlechemicalfertilizers缓控释化肥Slowlyreleasedorcontrolledchemicalfertilizers复合化肥Compoundedormixedchemicalfertilizers(1)肥料分类商品有机（类）肥料Commercialorganic-basedfertilizers商品有机(类)肥料定义：含有机成分和达到国家标准的一类肥料Containingorganicsubstances商品有机无机复合肥Organicandinorganicmixedfertilizers商品有机肥Organicfertilizers商品微生物有机肥Bio-organicfertilizers商品全元复合肥Bio-organicandinorganicmixedfertilizers商品有机液态肥Organicliquidfertilizers有机肥料传统有机肥商品有机(类)肥料Organic-basedfertilizers人、畜粪便：人粪尿、家畜粪尿及厩肥、禽粪、海鸟粪、蚕沙等绿肥：栽培绿肥和野生绿肥其他有机肥：饼粕类、秸秆类、腐植酸类、酒（醋）糟、药渣、海肥、生活污泥、工业废渣沼渣（液）加工CompostingEnoughfoodsfor1.4billionpeopleFertilesoilforsustainableproductionofcropsPropermanagementofanimalmanuresforsustainableanimalproduction(2)发展有机肥意义Significanceofdevelopmentoforganicfertilizers①Toproduceenoughfoodsforsolargepopulation②Traditionalorganicmanuresarebeingbecomingorganicwastes,beingdisposedeverywherethuspollutingenvironmentWaterbodybecomesalgeabody60milliontonofnutrientscontainedinorganicwastesareproducedannuallyinChina,ifhalfintoorganic-basedfertilizers,20milliontonofnutrientsinchemicalfertilizerscanbesaved.56milliontonofnutrientscontainedinchemicalfertilizersareconsumedinChina(exhausting10%oftotalcoaland3-5%naturalgas).对作物的贡献总是大于60%Contributionofmorethan60%tothetotalyields③土壤Soil----一个国家最重要的资源Themostimportantresourceofnation土壤肥力Soilfertility---实现作物产量的关键因子Akeyfactorinrealizingthepotentialofcropyields施用有机肥料Applicationoforganicfertilizersororganicmanure---提高土壤肥力最有效的措施Themostefficientwaytoincreasesoilfertility④化肥——一把双刃剑Dialecticrolesofchemicalfertilizers能确保粮食数量，但不是质量Ensurefoodsecurity,butnotfoodsafety过量施用化学氮肥，使植物养分供应不平衡、植物病虫容易侵染，从而显著增加农药使用OverapplicationofchemicalNfertilizerresultsinunbalanceofnutrientsupply,whichleadstosevereattackofpestsanddiseases.Thisdramaticallyincreasesapplicationofpesticidesandfungicides.图1中国有机肥养分与无机肥养分占总养分比例变化01020304050607080901001950196019701980199020002005年份养分比例(%)有机肥养分占总养分的比例（%）无机肥养分占总养分的比例（%）来自有机肥养分的投入比例Fromorganicfertilizers(%)来自化肥养分的投入比例Fromchemicalfertilizers(%)years2020?Or2100?中国近60年来有机和化肥养分投入情况VariationoftheratioofnutrientsfromorganicandinorganicfertilizersinChina中国梦Expectedsituation⑤如何培肥土壤？Howtofertilesoils?施用有机肥：改善土壤微生物区系、提高土壤活力、有利于形成土壤团粒结构、平衡与持续提供养分Applicationoforganicfertilizers:Improvingsoilmicrobialstructure,increasingsoilbiologicalactivity,promotingsoilgranulation,providingbalancedsupplyofnutrientsfromsoils种植绿肥Greenmanures？保护性耕作Conservative？休闲Fallow？间套作RotationOrintercroping？⑥高度集约化高效农业使经济作物土传病害猖獗，施用生物有机肥能有效防控Soil-borndiseaseshappenveryseriouslyincontinuouslymono-croppingsystem,whichcanbeefficientlycontrolledbyapplicationofbio-organicfertilizers因此，将我国每年大量产生的固体有机废弃物转变成能显著:改善土壤肥力、促进植物生长、防控土传病害的高附加值有机(类)有机肥，让农民能像施用化肥那样，方便地施用有机肥料，成为我国农业生产和环境保护的巨大需求。Howtochangetheorganicwastesintocommercialorganic-basedfertilizers?⑦近5年有机类肥料企业和产量增长趋势近5年来，我国有机类肥料企业数量增速迅猛，目前年产量已超过2000万吨Morethan3000organicfertilizerplantsthatproduce20milliontonsofcommercialorganicfertilizersannuallyinChinanow,abigindustrybutonlyabout6000tonsforeachplant.Verynecessarytoimprovethetechnologyoforganicfertilizerplantssothattoincreasetheyieldsoforganicfertilizersforeachplant有机肥企业数量有机肥产量11.2堆肥工艺与技术Technologyofcomposting①避免生有机肥在土壤中腐熟时产热烧苗Avoidinghurtingseedlingbytheheatproducedduringthedecompositionofraworganicmaterialsinsoils（1）腐熟的目的Purposeofcomposting③消灭病原菌，寄生虫卵和杂草种子Eliminatingpathogens,eggsofparasitesandseedsofweeds②除臭、降低水分，具有商品性，达到国家产品标准（有机质45%，水分＜30%，养分＞5%）Eliminatingbadsmellanddecreasingwatercontentinraworganicmaterials,thustheproductcharacterizedbycommercialityandqualifiedtothenationalstandards(45%organicmatter,watercontent＜30%,nutrientcontent＞5%)矿质化过程Mineralization：（2）腐熟过程中的成分变化Changesofcomponentsduringcomposting腐殖质Humus腐殖化过程Humification：简单的有机、无机物质Simpleorganicorinorganicsubstances复杂有机物质Complexorganiccompounds矿质化过程中形成的中间产物Intermediatesfromthemineralization堆肥发酵阶段Phasesofcomposting阶段Phase作用特点Transformationoforganicsubstances作用微生物Actingmicrobes温度变化Changesoftemperature发热阶段heatGeneration水溶性有机物质、蛋白质water-solubleorganicsubstances中温性微生物ModerateThermophilicmicrobes常温-50℃Roomtemperature-50℃高温阶段high-temperature半纤维素、纤维素Semi-cellulose,cellulose好热微生物Thermophilicmicrobes50-70℃降温阶段Temperaturedeclining腐殖质合成hummification中温性及好热性微生物ModerateThermophilic-Thermophilicmicrobes＜50℃后熟保肥阶段Post-matured腐殖质合成humification放线菌Actinomycites常温Roomtemperature①水分Watercontent60%~70%，即手握成团，触之即散的状态♣通气好，有利于好气微生物活动，利于材料腐解。前期插草把调节Wellaerobicconditionisbeneficialtorapiddegradationoforganicmaterials②氧气Oxygen（3）堆肥条件调控♣通气差，有利于嫌气微生