The First World War US history 美国历史 附带书后问题答案

WorldWarIBeginsMainIdeaAsWorldWarIintensified,theU.S.wasforcedtoabandonitsneutralityWhyitMattersNowTheU.S.remainsinvolvedinEuropeanandworldaffairs.AnAssassinationLeadstoWar“ThepowderkegofEurope”-BalkanPeninsulaKeyIssues:•RussiawantedaccesstotheMediterraneanSea•GermanywantedaraillinktotheOttomanEmpire•Austria-HungaryaccusedSerbiaofsubvertingitsruleoverBosnia.AnAssassinationLeadstoWarJune1914-ArchdukeFranzFerdinand,heirtotheAustrianthroneisassassinated•GavriloPrincip-memberoftheBlackHand;promotedSerbiannationalism.Thealliancesystempulledonenationafteranotherintoconflict.August3,1914-TheGreatWarbegan.TheFightingStartsAugust3,1914-GermanyinvadedBelgium(SchlieffenPlan)•PlancalledforaholdingactionagainstRussia,combinedw/aquickdrivethroughBelgiumtoParis.•OnceFrancehadfallen,GermanarmieswoulddefeatRussia.FightingStartsAlliescouldn’tsaveBelgiumandretreatedtotheMarneRiverinFrance.TrenchWarfare:3Mainkindsoftrenches•Frontline•Support•Reserve“Noman’sland”-spacebetweenthebarbedwire.HorrificBattles•BattleofSomme(July1,1916)-60,000Britishcasualtiesonthe1stdayalone.1.2millionintheend.AmericansQuestionNeutrality1914-Americanssawnoreasontojoinastruggle3,000milesaway.DividedLoyalty•ManyAmericanswerefromsomewhereinEurope•SomeAmericansfeltclosertoGreatBritainbecauseofancestry.•Germany-“thebullyofEurope”EconomicTieswithAlliesAmericantradewithBritain&Francedoubled.AlliesfloodedAmericanmanufacturerswithordersforwarsupplies.TradewithGermanydroppedByhowmuchdidtotalU.S.exportstoEuroperiseorfallbetween1914&1917?Whattrendsdoesthegraphshowbeforethestartofthewar,andduringthewar?U.SExportstoEurope,1912-19170400800120016002000191219131914191519161917YearsDollars(inmillions)GreatBritainGermanyOtherCountriesFranceTheWarHitsHomeAlthoughthemajorityofAmericansfavoredvictoryfortheAlliesratherthantheCentralPowers,theydidnotwanttojointheAllies’fight.TworeasonsAmericajoinedthefighting:•Ensurepaymentsofdebts•PreventtheGermansfromthreateningU.S.shippingWarHitsHomeBritishBlockadeGermanU-BoatResponseThe1916ElectionAmericanshipsstopGermancouldn’tgetfoodMay7,1915LusitaniaWilson-Dem.Hughes-Rep.TheUnitedStatesDeclaresWarAftertheelection,Wilsontriedtomediatebetweenthewarringalliances.“PeacewithoutVictory”GermanProvocation•Jan.31,1917-GermanyorderedtosinkallshipsinBritishwaters•ZimmermanTelegram-letterfromGermanforeignministertotheGermanAmbassadortoMexico.AmericaActs•April2,1917-Congresspassestheresolutionafewdaylatertoenterthewar.•Maketheworld“SafeforDemocracy”WorldWarIBeginsReviewWhatwerethemainreasonsforU.S.involvementinthewar?•EconomictieswerestrongerwithAlliesthantheywerewiththeCentralPowers.Germany’sU-boatattacksandtheZimmermanTelegram.WheredidGermanybeginitswaroffensive,andwhathappenedthere?•GermanyinvadedBelgium,creatingarefugeecrisis.AmericanPowerTipstheBalanceMainIdeaTheU.S.mobilizedalargearmyandnavytohelptheAlliesachievevictory.WhyitMattersTodayDuringWWI,theU.S.militaryevolvedintothepowerfulfightingforcethatitremainstoday.OneAmerican’sStoryEddieRickenbacker-famouspilotofWWI,wasawellknownracecardriverbeforethewar.AmericaMobilizesTheU.S.wasn’tpreparedforwar.Only200,000menwhereinservicewhenwarwasdeclared.AmericaMobilizesRaisinganArmyMassProductionSelectiveServiceActAges21-30(18-25)24millionregistered2.8milliondraftedExemptedShipyardworkersEmphasizedshipyardworkPrefab.TechniquesGov.controlledallshipsSelectiveServiceAct-1917Nopersonliabletomilitaryserviceshallhereafterbepermittedorallowedtofurnishasubstituteforsuchservice;norshallanysubstitutebereceived,enlisted,orenrolledinthemilitaryserviceoftheUnitedStates;andnosuchpersonshallbepermittedtoescapesuchserviceortobedischargedtherefrompriortotheexpirationofhistermofservicebythepaymentofmoneyoranyothervaluablethingwhatsoeverasconsiderationhisreleasefrommilitaryserviceorliabilitythereto.AmericaTurnstheTideU-boatattacksonmerchantshipswereaseriousthreattotheAllies.AmericanViceAdmiralWilliamS.Sims-convincedtheBritishtotrytheconvoysystem.•AheavyguardofdestroyerswouldescortmerchantshipsacrosstheAtlantic.U.S.helpedlaya230milebarrierofminesacrosstheNorthSeafromScotlandtoNorway.AmericaTurnstheTideFightinginEurope•Alliesweredemoralized•AmericansbroughtfreshnessandenthusiasmFighting“OverThere”AmericanExpeditionaryForce(AEF)Gen.JohnJ.Pershing•“Doughboys”-AmericaninfantrymenTanksPoisonGasAntiaircraftGunAirships&AirplanesMachineGunsNewWeapons&TacticsTheWarIntroducesNewHazardsThenewweaponsandtacticsofWWIledtohorrificinjuriesandhazards.TrenchFoot“ShellShock”FilthHazardsMeuse-ArgonneOffensiveTheMeuse-ArgonneOffensive,alsocalledtheBattleoftheArgonneForest,wasapartofthefinalAlliedoffensiveofWorldWarI(andknownastheGrandOffensive)thatstretchedalongtheentirewesternfront.OnSeptember26,theAmericans-thefirsttomove-begantheirstriketowardsSedaninthesouth.U.S.smashestheGermanwilltocontinueahopelessfight.ThemainUSeffortoftheoffensivetookplaceintheVerdunSector,immediatelynorthandnorthwestofthetownofVerdun,betweenSeptember26-November11,1918.ThebigSeptember/OctoberAlliedbreakthroughs(north,centreand