高考语法之定语从句和状语从句

复合句：名词性从句定语从句状语从句复合句是由一个主句加一个或几个从句构成的句子。从句只用作句子的一个成分，不能独立。根据从句在句子中的作用，可分为名词性从句、形容词性从句（定语从句）和副词性从句（状语从句）三类。（一）名词性从句复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句。名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和宾语从句。其关联词有:连接词that，whether;连接代，what,whatever,which,whichever,who,whom,whose，whoever,whomever;连接副词when,where,how,why等。1.主语从句及形式主语在句子中充当主语的从句称为主语从句，位于句首主语的位置。当主语从句位于句首时，引导从句的连接词一律不能省略，其谓语动词通常用早篸。引导主语从句的连接词分以下三种：1)that,whether引导主语从句，只起连接作用，在句中不充当成分。连接词that在句子中没有词义，但不能省略。that,whether引导的主语从句谓语及其他Thatwearelosinghigh-levelscientistsThatshewonthegameWhetheronecansucceedWhetheritwilldousharmorgoodJustbecauseheisoversixtyastonishesus.madeatremendousstirinourcountrydependsonhowhardheworks.remainstobeseen.doesn’tmeanhemustretire.说明：在传统英语中,because是不能引导主语从句的，但在非正式文体中，特别在现代英语中，已很常见。但仅用于“Justbecause+句子+doesn’tmean+句子”句型中。从句只能位于句首，且不能用it作形式主语。又如：Justbecauseithasagoodtunedoesn’tmeanitisgreatmusic.2)连接代词what,whatever,which,whichever,who,whom,whose,whoever,whomever等引导主语从句，有其本身的词义，在从句中充当主语或宾语，有些可作表语或定语，因此不能省略。这些具有疑问含义的连接代词引导的从句必须用陈述句形式，不能倒装。连接代词引导的主语从句谓语及其他WhatweneedWhateverisworthdoingWhichteamwillwinthematchWhicheverofyoucomesinfirstWhohasnevertastedwhatisbitterWhomwemustserveWhosefaultitisWhoevertakesinterestinthepaperismoretime.isworthdoingwell.isstillunknown,willreceiveaprize.doesnotknowwhatissweet..isaquestionofvitalimportance.至关重要isquiteclearnow.canaskforacopy.Whoever/whomeveryouinvitewillbewelcome.说明：that引导名词性从句与what引导名词性从句的比较。that引导名词性从句，在句中不充当成分，that没有词义，但不能省略：Thatwemustcombinetheorywithpracticeisanimportantprinciple.Thatmathematicsisthebaseofotherscienceisknowntoallofus.what引导名词性从句，可在句中充当成分。有以下两种类型：a)关系代词型:what=thething(s)that，意为“所…的事/物”，表示已知信息：Whatishappeningnowhappenedbefore.现在正在发生的事情此前也发生过。Whatwearedoingtodaywasnotpossibleintheolddays.b)疑问代词型：意为“什么；什么样的”，引导疑问从句，表示未知信息：Whatshedidafterthatwasnotcleartous.Whatwillhappenisleftuptotheviewer’simagination.Whatmotivehecouldhaveisnotquiteclear.3）连接副词when，where,how,why等引导主语从句，连接副词本身在从句中作状语。它们引导的从句必须用陈述句形式，不能倒装。连接副词引导的主语从句谓语及其他WhenshewillbebackWhereshehasgoneHowthecomputerwasinventedWhyhediditdependsontheweather.isamystery.isalongstory.remainsapuzzleforever.4）形式主语it的正确使用。从句作主语常给人头重脚轻的感觉，因此，人们常用it作形式主语，把主语从句放在句末。用it作形式主语的句子主要有以下几种：①It+be＋形容词＋主语从句ItisstrangeItisuncertainthatheknowsnothingaboutitwhetherhewillcomeornot常见的形容词还有:apparent,clear,evident,obvious,advisable,preferable,reasonable,essential,necessary,probable,true,strange,amazing,natural等②It+be＋名词词+主语从句ItisafactItisstillaquestionthatmanypeoplearescaredtofly.whetherweshallhaveoursportsmeet.常见的形容词还有:afact,ageneralrule,agoodthing,amystery，apleasure,aquestion,apity,ashame,atruth，awonder，amatterofcommonknowledge等It+be+过去分词+主语从句ItispredictedItisstillunknownthatin10yearsorsotheroofwillprobablycollapse.whichteamwillwinthematch.常见的过去分词还有：accepted,announced,arranged,assumed,considered,decided,declared,estimated，expected，generallyagreed,well-known,pointedout等④It+不及物动词+主语从句IthappenedItdoesn’tmatterthatIwasn'ttherethatday.whatotherpeoplethinkofme.常见的不及物动词还有：chance（正好）,seem,appear,turnout（结果）,goeswithoutsaying（不言而喻）,occurtosh.（某人想到）,standtoreason（合乎情理）⑤It＋动词＋宾语＋主语从句ItmakesnodifferenceItmakesnodifferencewhetheryougoorstay.whereweshallhavethemeeting此结构仅用于：“Itmakesnodifference＋主语从句”；“Itdoesn'tmakeany/muchdifference＋主语从句”的据句型中，意为“无差别”，“无关系”，“无影响”。⑥It+be＋介词短语＋主语从句ItisofgreatimportanceItislgoeswithoutsayingwhetherwecanimproveourresearch.thathealthisabovewealth1.表语从句在句子中位于系动词之后充当表语的从句称为表语从句，由连接词that,whether,as,asif;连接代词who,whose,what,which;连接副词when,where,how,why等引导。1)由that,whether,as,asif引导表语从句。主语+系动词表语从句ChancesareThereasonwhyhewaslatewasWhathewantstoknowisThevillagepeoplearenotItlooksThemeattastesthatmanwilleventuallylandonMars.thathemissedtheearlybusthismorning.,whetherheshouldstartnow.astheyusedtobe.asifit’sgoingtorain.asifithasalreadygonebad.说明:①that引导表语从句本身没有词义，在从句中不充当成分，主句的系动词通常是be。口语中连接词that可以省略，书面语中最好不省略。②whether,as引导表语从句，主句系动词常为be，不能用if代替whether。③asif引导表语从句，主句系动词常为look,feel,seem,taste等。④当主语是表示建议、命令、愿望等的词语时，that引导的表语从句要用虚拟语气。2)由who,whose,what,which引导表语从句在从句中充当成分。主语+系动词表语从句ThequestionsisWhatIwanttoknowisThingsarenotTheproblemiswhocancompletethedifficulttask.whosemobilephoneisstolen.whattheyseem.whichexperimentweshoulddofirst.3)由when,where,how,why引导表语从句在从句中充当状语。主语+系动词表语从句WhatIwanttoknowisProbablythisisThisisThatiswhenshe’llbeback.wheretheaccidenthappened.howshecarriesonherworkalltheyearround.whyweputthemeetingoff.4）用because引导的表语从句仅限于以下一个句型，用于表示原因。其结构是:This/That/Itisbecause+从句…Itis/Thatisbecause引导表语从句Ithinkit’sbecauseyouareeatingtoomuch.我想是因为你吃得太多。Tomwaslateforworkthismorning.Thatisbecauseheoverslept.汤姆今天早晨上班迟到了。那是因为他睡过头了。5）主语是reason,表语从句用that引导，不用why或because0Thereason(/)somethinghappensisthat+从句Thereasonwhy/thatsomethinghappensisthat+从句Thereason(/;why;that)isthat引导表语从句ThereasonI’mphoningyouisOnereasonwhyHamletissuchasuccessfulplayisthatIwanttoinviteyoutoaparty.thatitappealstomanydifferentpeople.2.同位语从句1）同位语的概念两个成分处于相同地位，起修饰作用的成分叫同位语（appositive）。同位语是一种后置修饰语，对与之同位的名词（本位语）提供补充说明，起修饰和描绘作用。例如：Jack,adiligentstudent,refusedallhelpthatwasofferedhim.WeallknowthefactthatShakespeareisagrea