Deixis-and-Reference

DeixisandReferenceHanJiuquanHebeiAgriculturalUniversityStephenC.Levinson“我真不明白她们在想些什么，她们都已经是成年人，不是小孩子，我能教的都已教给了她们。两年前她们什么都不是，但现在她们已是世界冠军，而且出现在了奥运赛场上，她们应该充分享受这项运动的快乐。”StephenC.Levinson他觉得，中国姑娘在比赛中缺少应有的激情，“她们把从事冰壶运动当成一项工作，只想着拿金牌，她们并不热爱这项运动，不能全身心地投入其中。”---中国女子冰壶不敌俄罗斯主帅大怒:不如在家呆着,2010-02-23,来源:中新网(北京),中新社温哥华2月22日电(记者夏宇华赖海隆)StephenC.Levinson1.Reference指称/照应REFERence1.1Areferenceinabroadsense,Areferenceorareferencespoint指称点,istheintensional内涵useofonething,apointofreferenceorreferencestate,toindicatesomethingelse.Whenreferenceisintended,whatthereferencepointstoiscalledthereferent指示对象StephenC.LevinsonReferenceinabroadsenseReferencesareindicatedbysounds(likeonomatopoeia),pictures(likeroadsigns),text(likebibliographies),indexes(bynumber)andobjects(aweddingring);butendlessconcreteandabstractmethodscanbeusedintentionally.Thisincludesmethodsthatintentionallyhidethereferencefromsomeobservers,asincryptographySecretwriting.StephenC.Levinson1.2InsemanticsandsyntaxModernacademicstudyofreferencehasbeendevelopingsincethe19thCentury.(Reimer,Marga(2009).Reference.StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy)Insemantics,referenceisgenerallyconstruedastherelationshipsbetweennounsorpronounsandobjectsthatarenamedbythem.Hence,thewordJohnreferstoJohn.Theworditreferstosomepreviouslyspecifiedobject.Theobjectreferredtoiscalledthereferentoftheword.[2]StephenC.LevinsonSometimestheword-objectrelationiscalled“denotation”指示;theworddenotestheobject.Theconverserelation,therelationfromobjecttoword,iscalled“exemplification”例示;theobjectexemplifieswhattheworddenotes.Insyntacticanalysis,ifawordreferstoapreviousword,thepreviouswordiscalledtheantecedent.StephenC.Levinson1.3Absentreferent空指Wordscanoftenbemeaningfulwithouthavingareferent.FictionalandmythologicalnamessuchasBo-Peep藏猫游戏(面孔一隐一现以逗小孩的游戏)andHerculesillustratethispossibility.CertainsectsofJudaismandotherreligionsconsideritsinfultowrite,discard,ordefacethenameofthedivine.Toavoidthisproblem,thesignifierG-dissometimesused,thoughthiscouldbeseenasasignthatreferstoanothersignwithanabsentreferent.StephenC.Levinson1.4Categoriesofreferences1.4.1nominalreferenceCommonnounspropernouns=examplesoflinguisticexpressions:withtheirproperreference(namesofpersons,institutions,objectswhosereferenceisclear:chair,table)StephenC.Levinson1.4.2Pronominalreference？Pronominalreferencecomprisespersonalreference,comparativereference,andathirdcategoryofdemonstrativereference,Halliday，M．A．K．＆R．Hasan．CohesioninEnglish[M]．Beijing：ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressPersonalreference人称照应:doesnotonlyrefertopersonsisindicatedbypersonalpronouns(they)andpossessivepronouns(my,mine)Demonstrativereference指示照应:Demonstrativepronouns(this,then,the)Comparativereference比较照应:Adjectivesoradverbsofsimilarityanddifference(same,similar,otherwise)StephenC.Levinson1.5Anaphora[ə'næfərə]theuseofawordthatreferstoorreplacesanotherwordusedearlierinasentence,forexampletheuseof‘does’inthesentence‘IdisagreeandsodoesJohn’首语重复；指代；照应关系（与前文出现的某词有着相同词义或取代该词）.StephenC.LevinsonIngeneral,ananaphoricexpressionisrepresentedbyapro-form替代形式orsomekindofdeictic.Insometheories,thestrictdefinitionofanaphoraincludesonlyreferencestoprecedingutterances.Underthisdefinition,forwardreferencesareinsteadnamedcataphora后/下指(Bühler1934:121inLyons1977;Halliday&Hasan.1976).),andbotheffectstogetherareendophora内指、内照应（anexpressionwhichreferstosomethingintralinguistic,i.e.inthesametext）.StephenC.LevinsonContrastedwithendophora,thetermexophora[ek'sɔfərə]外指、外照应namessituationswherethereferentdoesnotappearintheutterancesofthespeaker,butinsteadintherealworld.．Halliday，M．A．K．＆R．Hasan．CohesioninEnglish[M]．Beijing：ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressStephenC.Levinson1.7signifierandsignifiedThesemanticsigncanbeconsideredasubsetofamoregeneralconcept,thelinguisticsign,firstelucidatedbyFerdinanddeSaussure.Asigncontainstwoparts,thesignified(athoughtthatrepresentsanobject),andthesignifier(thesoundorwrittenword).Bothhaveareferent(theactualphysicalobject).StephenC.Levinson1.6reference=pragmaticproblem(exophora)ex.:Youaresleepinginahotelroom.Somebodysuddenlyknocksonyourdoorandyoudonotknowwhothispersonis.Soyouask:Whoisthis?Theanswercouldbe:It'sme.=mealwaysreferstoI,I=speakingme=Utterance=true,butuninformativebecausethereisnoknownreferentforme=me=deicticwordbecausemechangeswiththepersonutteringitStephenC.Levinson別問我是誰歌手：王馨平作曲：蔡議樟填詞：蔡議樟編曲：屠穎從沒說過愛著誰為誰而憔悴從來沒有想過對不對我的眼中裝滿疲憊面對自己總覺得好累我也需要人來陪不讓我心碎讓我愛到深處不後悔其實我並不像他們說的那樣多刺難以安慰愛人的心應該沒有罪為何在夜裡卻一再流淚每天抱著寂寞入睡生活過得沒有滋味別問我是誰請與我相戀我的真心沒人能夠體會像我這樣的人不多為何還要讓我難過別問我是誰請和我面對看看我的眼角留下的淚我和你並沒有不同但我的心更容易破碎StephenC.Levinson2DeixisOutline1Definition(Etymologicalorigin,extension,significance,dilemma)2Approaches2.1Philosophical:truth-conditonalv.s.atomistic2.2Descriptiveapproach(person,time,space,discourse,social)StephenC.Levinson2.Deixis2.1WhatisDeixis?2.1Definition2.1.1Etymologicalorigin:fromtheGreekwordfor‘pointing’or‘indicating’2.1.2Deixisisreferencebymeansofanexpressionwhoseinterpretationisrelativetothe(usually)extralinguisticcontextoftheutterance,