暖通空调外文文献

1AnAnAnAninvestigationinvestigationinvestigationinvestigationofofofofthethethetheexistingexistingexistingexistingsituationsituationsituationsituationandandandandtrendstrendstrendstrendsininininbuildingbuildingbuildingbuildingenergyenergyenergyenergyefficiencyefficiencyefficiencyefficiencymanagementmanagementmanagementmanagementininininChinaChinaChinaChinaAbstractAccordingtotheChineseStateCouncil’s‘‘BuildingEnergyEfficiencyManagementOrdinance’’,alarge-scaleinvestigationofenergyefficiency(EE)inbuildingsincontemporaryChinahasbeencarriedoutin22provincialcapitalsandmajorcitiesinChina.Theaimofthisprojectistoprovidereliableinformationfordrawingupthe‘‘Decisiononreinforcingbuildingenergyefficiency’’bytheMinistryofConstructionofChina.Thesurveyedorganizationsincludegovernmentdepartments,researchinstitutions,propertydevelopers,designinstitutions,constructioncompanies,constructionconsultancyservicescompanies,facilitymanagementdepartments,financialinstitutionsandthosewhichrelatetothebusinessofbuildingenergyefficiency.Inaddition,representativesofthemediaandresidentswerealsoinvolved.Adetailedanalysisoftheresultsoftheinvestigationconcerningaspectsofthecurrentsituationandtrendsinbuildingenergyconsumption,energyefficiencystrategyandtheimplementationofenergyefficiencymeasureshasbeenconducted.Theinvestigationsuppliesessentialinformationtoformulatethemarketentrancepolicyfornewbuildingsandtherefurbishmentpolicyforexistingbuildingstoencouragethedevelopmentofenergyefficienttechnology.KeywordsKeywordsKeywordsKeywords:Energyefficiency(EE);Building;Survey;Policy;Legislation;Reform;China1．IntroductionFuturetrendsinChina’senergywillhaveconsiderableconsequencesforbothChinaandtheglobalenvironment.AlthoughChina’scarbonemissionsarelowonapercapitabasis,Chinahasbeenalreadyrankedtheworld’ssecondlargestproducerofcarbon,behindonlytheUSA.China’sbuildingssectorcurrentlyaccountsfor23%ofChina’stotalenergyuseandthisisprojectedtoincreasetoone-thirdby2010.Chinahassetatargetfora50%reductionofenergyconsumptionforbuildings.EnergypolicyplaysanimportantroleinChina’ssustainabledevelopment.Improvingenergyefficiencyinbuildingsisoneofthemostcost-effectivemeasuresforreducingCO2emission,whichisrecognised2asoneofthemaincausesofglobalwarming.TheclimateinChinaisverydiverse.Accordingtothenational‘‘StandardofClimaticRegionalizationforArchitecture’’GB50178-93,Chinaisdividedintothefollowingzonesbasedonclimatecharacteristics:verycold,cold,hotsummerandcoldwinter,hotsummerandwarmwinter,andmoderate.Airconditioningandheatingrequirementsfordifferentzonesareasfollows:intheverycoldzone,themajorrequirementisheating,andfewresidentialbuildingsareequippedwithairconditioning.Inthecoldzone,theprimaryrequirementisheating,followedbyairconditioning.Inthehotsummerandcoldwinterzone,bothairconditioningandheatingareneeded.Inthehotsummerandwarmwinterzone,themajorrequirementisairconditioningandfewresidentialbuildingsrequireheating.Insomepartsofthemoderatezone,heatingisneeded;inotherparts,bothheatingandairconditioningareneeded.Theavailabilityofheatingandairconditioningdependsonseveralfactors,includingthedegreeofeconomicdevelopmentinanarea,theavailabilityofenergysuppliesandtherequirementsforenvironmentalprotectionTheChinesegovernmenthasfocusedonenergyefficiencyinbuildingssincethe1980s,andnumerousstandards,buildingcodes,incentivepoliciesandadministrativeruleshavebeenissued.Forexample,the‘‘EnergyDesignCodeforHeatedResidentialBuildingsJGJ26-86’’,‘‘EnergyDesignCodeforHeatedNewResidentialBuildingsJGJ26-95’’and‘‘TechnicalSpecificationforEnergyConservationRenovationofExistingHeatedResidentialBuildingsJGJ129-2000’’arefortheVeryColdandColdzones.The‘‘DesignStandardforEnergyEfficiencyofResidentialBuildingsintheHotSummerandColdWinterzoneJGJ134-2001’’and‘‘DesignStandardforEnergyEfficiencyofResidentialBuildingsintheHotSummerandWarmWinterzoneJGJ75-2003’’arefornon-centralheatingareas.AccordingtotheChinesegovernmenttimetable,standardsfortheenergyefficientdesignforresidentialbuildingsinallclimatezonesshouldhavetakeneffectbytheendof2003Inordertoenhancetheenergyefficiencystrategies’implementation,onbehalfoftheStateCouncil,TheMinistryofConstructionisdrawingupthe‘‘Decisiononreinforcingbuildingenergyefficiency’’,whichaimstoestablishabuildingenergyefficiencylegislationsystem,principallyusingapolicyofeconomicincentivesinordertostimulatethereforminbuildingenergyefficiency.Tofulfillthistask,alarge-scaleinvestigationhasbeencarriedoutfocusingontheawareness,understandinganddegreeofsupportforthereformofenergy3efficiencyinbuildings.2.MethodologyThesurveymethodhasbeenappliedinthisinvestigation.Thequestionnairesurveyisacommonmethod,whichhasbeenusedbymanyresearchersworldwide.Adetaileddescriptionofthesurveymethodusedinthisworkisasfollows.2.1.2.1.2.1.2.1.ObjectsObjectsObjectsObjectsandandandandsubjectssubjectssubjectssubjectsofofofofthethethetheinvestigationinvestigationinvestigationinvestigationThesurveyintothe‘‘existingsituationandtrendsofbuildingenergyefficiencymanagementinChina’’wascarriedoutfromSeptember2005toFebruary2006anda