英语国家概况chapter9

Chapter9HistoryAmericaintheColonialEra•theveryfirstAmericansChristopherColumbusAmerigoVespucciAmericaintheColonialEra•thefirstsuccessfulEnglishcolony1607JamestownVirginia1620MayflowertoavoidthereligiouspersecutionLandedinwhatisnowPlymouth,Massachusetts.AmericaintheColonialEra•13coloniesBostonTeaPartyTheindependenceoftheMassachusettscolonialgovernmentwascurtailed,andmoreBritishsoldiersweresenttothePortofBoston.In1773,patriotsstagedthe“BostonTeaParty”inresponsetotheteatax.BritishParliamentthenpassedTheIntolerableActs:TheyboardedBritishmerchantshipsandtossed342cratesofteaintoBostonharbor.TheFirstContinentalCongress•TheFirstContinentalCongress—September,1774AmeetingofcolonialleaderswhoopposedBritishoppressionwasheldinPhiladelphia.TheyurgedAmericanstodisobeyTheIntolerableActsandtoboycott(抵制)Britishtrade.Atthesametime,thecolonistsbegantodefendthemselves.OnApril19,1775BritishtroopsweresenttoLexingtonandConcordtodisarmtheAmericanmilitiamen.ThefirstshotintheAmericanWarofIndependenceTheShotofLexingtonTheSecondContinentalCongress•HeldinPhiladelphiainMay1775•Assumethefunctionsofanationalgovernment•FoundingContinentalArmyandNavyunderthecommandofGeorgeWashington.•Printingpapermoneyandopeningdiplomaticrelationswithforeignpowers.•GeorgeWashington,awealthyVirginiaplanter,wasrespectedasamanofabilityandintegrity.•OnceacolonelintheFrenchandIndianWar;•OneofthefewAmericanswithconsiderablemilitaryexperience;•LedthecontinentalarmytothevictoryoftheIndependenceWar.GeorgeWashingtonTheSecondContinentalCongressTheDeclarationofIndependencewasdraftedbyThomasJefferson.Ithadtwoparts:Thefirstpartjustifiedtherightofpeopletorebelagainstagovernmentthatdeniedthemtheirnaturalrights.ThesecondpartwasadetailedindictmentofKingGeorgeforcruelties,crimesandillegalpoliticalactsagainsthumanityandAmerica.DeclarationofIndependenceDeclarationofIndependence•OnJuly4,1776,theDeclarationofIndependencewassigned.Ittellsofthetheoryofpolitics,whichlateriscentraltotheWesternpoliticaltradition:•Menhasanaturalrightto“Life,Libertyandthepursuitofhappiness”.•Governmentcanruleonlywith“theconsentofthegoverned”;•Anygovernmentmaybedissolvedwhenitfailstoprotecttherightofthepeople.•Afterbeingprinted,thecopiesweresentout,broadcastandreadtocrowdseverywhere.–Thedocumentgreatlyencouragedthestrugglingpeople,makingthemthinkthattheyshouldbeindependentandhavetherighttoenjoyliberty.–Theywerebeginningtoshowmoreinterestsinacommoncause.–Bothagreatinfluenceonthecourseofthewarandafar-reachinginfluenceinworldhistoryaswell.DeclarationofIndependence•Itdraggedonforsevenyears.•Obstaclesforthecontinentalarmy:–Noenoughsupplies.–Tiredandhungry,whileBritishtroopsfreshandwell-equipped.–BythemiddleofDecember,1776,theRevolutionseemedlost.ThevictoryatSaratoga(1777,October)—turningpoint.Q.Howdidthewardevelop?Andwhichbattlemarkedtheturningpointofthewar?ProcessoftheWar•TheassistancefromFrance–BenjaminFranklin—amessengertoEuropetogethelpfromothercountries.–TheFrenchKingmadetwoagreementswithFranklin:•FrancewouldtakepartinthewaragainstEngland.•Theyagreedtotradewitheachother.•SpainandHollandjoinedFranceagainstEngland—aquickendtothewar.ProcessoftheWar•In1781,adecisivevictoryatYorktowninVirginia•OnOctober19,1781,theBritishgeneralCornwalliswasforcedtosurrender,thewarcametoanend.•ThetwopartssignedtheTreatyofParisin1783—AmericawonitsindependenceProcessoftheWarCausesofCivilWar•Economicreason:–twodifferenteconomicsystems•Politicalreason–TheNorth—FederalGovernmentasaunion–TheSouth—TheConfederateGovernment:theindependenceofeachstateQ.WhatwastheessentialcauseoftheCivilWar?TwodifferenteconomicsystemsexistedsidebysideIntheSouth—slaverywasthefoundation•Theslaveeconomy—anobstacletoindustrialgrowthandexpansionIntheNorth—commerceandindustryledtheeconomy•Industrialeconomyrequiredtherestrictionofslaveryandterritoryforrawmaterials,marketsandlaborsupplyEconomicantagonismledtoincreasedconflictsbetweenNorthandSouth.EconomicreasonSouthernCottonPlantationWhitney'sCottonGinEconomicreasonComparisonofPower•TheNorth:twenty-threestates,22millionpopulationabundantfacilitiestomanufacturearmsandammunition,clothing,andothersuppliesmerchantmarinesandthenavyremainedinUnionhandsfederalgovernmentwasbetterabletoraisefundforwar•TheSouth:–elevenstates,9millionpopulation–militaryadvantages:•activelypreparingforwar•inpossessionofmanyfederalfortsandarsenals•superiormilitaryleadership:athirdoftheregulararmy'sofficerswerefromtheSouth•fightingonitsownsoilComparisonofPowerComparisonofPowerTheFierceWarOnFeb4,1861,AbrahamLincolntookofficeAbrahamLincolnayoungman&lawyerinIllinoisbeganhispoliticalcareerbyservingfourtermsinthestatelegislatureandthenonetermintheHouseofRepresentativesHeinsistedslaverywasevilandshouldberestrictedandultimatelyabolished•ChallengesAbrahamLincolnfaced:–firstpriority—keepingtheUnitedStatesonecountry•11southernstatessecededfromFederalUnionproclaimedanindependentnation–freedomforblackpeople—secondaryobjective•issuedtheEmancipationProclamation(解放宣言),grantingfreedomtoallslaves.TheFierceWar•Gettysburg—turningpointofth