中国翻译史简介

翻译复习资料１/19中国翻译史简介AnOverviewofTranslationinChina:PracticeandTheory1.IntroductionChinahasanoverfivethousand-yearlonghistoryofhumancivilizationandathreethousand-yearhistoryoftranslation.ThispaperistoprovideachronologicalreviewhighlightingtranslationtheoryandpracticeinChinafromancienttopresenttimes.2.TranslationPracticeandTheoryinAncientChina2.1.EarlyTranslationinChina1)TheearliesttranslationactivitiesinChinadatebacktotheZhoudynasty(周朝).Documentsofthetimeindicatedthattranslationwascarriedoutbygovernmentclerks,whowereconcernedprimarilywiththetransmissionofideologies.“五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同。达其志，通其欲，东方日寄，南方日象，西方日狄鞮，北方日译。”《礼记·王制》2)ItwasduringtheHandynasty(汉朝)thattranslationbecameamediumforthedisseminationofforeignlearning.TheBuddhistscriptureswhichwerewritteninSanskritneededtobetranslatedintoChinesetomeettheneedofChineseBuddhists.Famoustranslators：AnShigao(高世安),LouJiachen(娄迦谶),ZhiLiang(支亮),zhiQian(支谦)Practice:TheytranslatedBuddhistscripturesinaliteralmanner.Theories:Acoreissuerose----literaltranslationvs.freetranslation3)DuringthetwoJindynasties,SoutherndynastyandNortherndynasty(两晋南北朝),translationofBuddhistscripturewasofficiallyorganizedonalargescaleinChina.AStateTranslationSchoolwasfoundedforthispurpose.Famoustranslators：DaoAn(道安)，Kumarajiva(鸠摩罗什)，ZhenDi(真谛)，SengYou（僧佑）Practice:TranslationofBuddhistscripturewasofficiallyorganizedonalargescaleinChina.AStateTranslationSchoolwasfoundedforthispurpose.Theories:DaoAn（道安）---Headvocatedstrictliteraltranslation.Kumarajiva（鸠摩罗什）---Heemphasizedtheaccuracyoftranslation.Therefore,heappliedafreetranslationapproachtotransferthetrueessenceoftheSanskritSutras.HewasthefirstpersoninthehistoryoftranslationinChinatosuggestthattranslatorsshouldsigntheirnamestothetranslatedworks.22.TheFirstPeakofTranslationinChinaSuidynasty(隋朝)andTangdynasty(唐朝):ThisperiodwasthefirstpeakoftranslationinChina.Famoustranslators:TranslatorsinthisperiodweremainlyBuddhistmonks.E.g,XuanZang（玄奘）,BuKong(不空)Practice:ThetranslationswerestillmainlyoftheBuddhistscriptures.Theories:XuanZang（玄奘）---Notonlywasheagreattranslatorandorganizeroftranslation,hewasalsoagreattranslationtheoristwhosecontributiontotranslationstudiesstillremainssignificanttoday.Hesetdownthefamoustranslationcriteriathattranslationmustbebothtruthfulandintelligibletothepopulace.Inasense,XuanZang,withsuchaformula,wastryingtohavethebestoftwo翻译复习资料２/19worlds—literaltranslationandfreetranslation.2.3TechnicalTranslationduringtheYuanandMingDynastiesFromtheYuandynasty(元朝)totheMingdynasty(明朝),thetranslationofsutraslostimportance.Yuandynasty(元朝):AstheYuanrulersdirectedtheirattentionwestward,ArabsbegantosettleinChina,someofthemtranslatedscientificworksfromArabicorEuropeanlanguages.Mingdynasty(明朝):WiththearrivalofwesternChristianmissionaries,ChinacameintocontactwithEurope.TofacilitatetheirrelationswithChineseofficialsandintellectuals,themissionariestranslatedworksofwesternscienceandtechnologyaswellasChristiantextsassistedbyChineseofficials.TheyalsointroducedtheChineseclassicstotheWest.Famoustranslators:Al-TusiNasirAl-Din(纳西尔丁图西),拔合思巴,智光；MatteoRicci(利马窦),XuGuangqi(徐光启)，LiZhizao（李之藻）Practice:a.Translationofwesternscientificworks.b.IntroductionofChineseclassicstotheWest.(Translationactivitiesinacollaboratedway)Theories:Aslittlequestforsystematictranslationtheories,nodistinguishingcontributiontoit.TranslationsduringtheMingdynastyhadtwodistinguishingcharacteristics:(1)ThesubjectoftranslationshiftedfromBuddhistscripturestoscientificandtechnologicalknowledge;(2)translatorsinthisperiodoftimeweremainlyscientistsandgovernmentofficialswhowereeruditescholars,andthewesternmissionarieswhobroughtwesternknowledgetoChina.TheeffectofthetranslationswasthatChinawasopenedtowesternknowledge,andtranslationfacilitatedthescientificandtechnicaldevelopment.3.TranslationinContemporaryChina3.1TechnicalTranslationduringtheQingDynastyInLateQingDynasty(清朝),Chinesetranslators,trainedinChinaoratforeignuniversities,graduallytookoverthetransmissionofwesternknowledgefromthewesternmissionaries.Famoustranslators:,LiShanlan(李善兰)，HuaHengfang（华蘅芳），JohnFryer(傅兰雅)，AlexanderWylies(伟烈亚力)Practice:a.Translationofwesternscientificworks.b.IntroductionofChineseclassicstotheWest.(Translationactivitiesinacollaboratedway)Theories:Fryer’s‘Translationtomeetthesocialurgentneed’.Seemorebelow:Fryer,inhisOntheVariousMethodsofTranslating,explained:(1)ThefallacythattechnicallanguagecouldnotberenderedintoChineseshouldberefuted;Chinesewasexpressiveasanyotherlanguagesintheworld,andnewtechnicaltermscouldbyvariousmeansbecreatedinChinese.(2)Adatabasefortechnicalterminologyshouldbeestablishedforallthetranslators;thesametechnicaltermsshouldbeidenticalinChineseeveniftheyweretranslatedbydifferenttranslators.(3)Asforselectingtheoriginaltextsfortranslation,atranslatorshouldtranslatethosebookswhichwereinurgentneedamongthetargetlanguagereaders.Healsoexplainedthatoneshouldnottranslateunlessonehasunderstoodeverysinglewordoftheoriginaltext.3.2.TranslationofWorksofSocialScienceinLateQingDynastyYanFu(1853-1921)wasthemostinfluentialtranslatorandtran