关于新能源汽车的外文文献

Multi-sourcesmodelandcontrolalgorithmofanenergymanagementsystemforlightelectricvehiclesM.A.Hannana,⇑,F.A.Azidina,b,A.MohamedaaDept.ofElectrical,Electronic&SystemsEngineering,UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysia,43600Bangi,Selangor,MalaysiabUniversitiTeknikalMalaysiaMelaka,HangTuahJaya,76109DurianTunggal,Melaka,MalaysiaarticleinfoArticlehistory:Received4November2011Receivedinrevisedform1April2012Accepted1April2012Availableonline26June2012Keywords:FuelcellBatterySuper-capacitorsControlstateEnergymanagementsystemabstractThispaperpresentsthemulti-sourcesenergymodelsandruledbasedfeedbackcontrolalgorithmofanenergymanagementsystem(EMS)forlightelectricvehicle(LEV),i.e.,scooters.Themultiplesourcesofenergy,suchasabattery,fuelcell(FC)andsuper-capacitor(SC),EMSandpowercontroller,DCmachineandvehicledynamicsaredesignedandmodeledusingMATLAB/SIMULINK.Thedevelopedcontrolstrat-egiescontinuouslysupporttheEMSofthemultiplesourcesofenergyforascooterundernormalandheavypowerloadconditions.TheperformanceoftheproposedsystemisanalyzedandcomparedwiththatoftheECE-47testdrivecycleintermsofvehiclespeedandloadpower.Theresultsshowthatthedesignedvehicle’sspeedandloadpowercloselymatchthoseoftheECE-47testdrivingcycleundernor-malandheavyloadconditions.Thisstudy’sresultssuggestthattheproposedcontrolalgorithmprovidesanefficientandfeasibleEMSforLEV.2012ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.1.IntroductionIncreasingoilpricesduetooildepletion,globalwarmingandtheintroductionofcompulsorystandardgasemissionsincitieshavehadatremendousimpactonthedevelopmentofnewtrans-portationstechnologies[1].Inhybridelectricvehicles(HEVs),renewableenergyisanewoptionforimprovingvehicleefficiencyandiseconomicalwithlowertoxicgasemission.Toachievethesamepoweranddensityenergyasacombustionengine,FCswithbatteriesandSCsarecombinedtoprovideadditionalpowerrapidlyduringhighdemandandtoovercometheFCstart-time[2].InmanyAsiancountries,scootersandthree-wheeledvehiclesarenotablypopularandareacheaperformoftransportation.Theyareoftenusedinthecitiestotravelshortdistancesandavoidtraf-ficjams.Thesevehicleshaveacapacityof2–5kWfromaninternalcombustionengine(ICE).Recently,duetoconsumers’concernfortheenvironment,smallHEVshavebeenintroducedwithapowersystemandnolongeruseanICE.Forexample,three-wheeledrick-shawdrivetrainwithahybridconfiguration,plug-inelectricrick-shawwithsolarassistance[3,4]andFC-batterypoweredhybridsystemforatramwayhavebeenintroduced[5].ThisstudyfocusedonanEMSinwhichacontrolstrategyisdevelopedtoprovidetramwayloaddemandortooptimizethesystem’senergy.PowersharingandhybridizationofFC,battery,SCfromlitera-turereview[6–8]showsthatcontrolsstrategiesplayavitalroleinimprovingvehicleperformanceandefficiency.Itcoordinatesthepowersourcestosecuretheelectricalflowofthesystem.Inaddition,studyofvariousdrivetrainsystemssuchasseries,paral-lel,series/parallelmotorandgeneratorsysteminelectricvehiclein[9–11]encouragesthedevelopmentofHEVinmaximizesfueleconomy,durabilityandreliability.Powerelectronicssuchasdc/dcconverterandinverterhasbecomeamajorstudyofHEVresearchin[12–14]forimprovingpowerconditioningsystem.ALEVsystemlikeelectricscooterhasalsobecomeaninterestingsys-temstudiedin[15–17].TheEMSsystemandcontrollingin-wheelmotoristhemajorconcernedoftheresearch.Allmentionedliter-aturereviewissummarizedinTable1inrelationofHEVtechnicalcharacteristicswithappliedrenewableenergies.InMalaysia,LEVvehiclessuchasmotorcyclesorscooter(range70–125cc)arewidelyusedforpersonaltransportationsuchastooffice,shopping,schoolsandetc.UnlikeinEurope,USAorJapan,suchtransportationsareusedasrecreation.Itisestimatedthathalfofthevehicleareusedtotravel20kmbelowperdayandhalfofthemmaytravelmorethan30kmperday[18].Peopleareunreal-izedthatwithtravelingdistancelessthan20kmperday,vehiclepoweredbybatterycanbeusedwithoutanyrefuelingstop.Theelectricvehiclecanberechargedathomeaswell.UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysiastudiesharvestingsolarenergysystemthroughsolarcarpark.Thisstudyalsoincludedtheconstructionofsolarcarparkinthecityintermsofeconomicalandtechnicalaspect.Thereareabout5millionmotorcyclesinMalaysiaareusing0196-8904/$-seefrontmatter2012ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.⇑Correspondingauthor.Tel.:[phone];fax:[phone].E-mailaddresses:[e-mail](M.A.Hannan),[e-mail](F.A.Azidin),[e-mail](A.Mohamed).EnergyConversionandManagement62(2012)123–130ContentslistsavailableatSciVerseScienceDirectEnergyConversionandManagementjournalhomepage:[19].Ifaverageonemotorcycleuseshalfliterpetrolperday,thegovern-mentspendsapproximatelyUS$1millioneachday.However,thesellingofmotorcycleisexpandingeachyearatnearly200,000unitswithincrementof5%peryear[20,21].Thus,subsidizationdoesnothelptoimprovelivingqualityduetotoxicemissioninthecity.However,withtheawarenessandlesssubsidizedsolarparkenergyharvestingcouldbeconstructedasexplainedinSec-tion2.4.Plug-insolarenergyharvestingisnotonlyoffer