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中枢神经系统感染性疾病Infectiousdiseaseofcentralnervoussystem概论中枢神经系统感染是各种生物体病原体侵犯脑或脊髓实质、被膜和血管等,引起急、慢性炎症(或非炎症)性疾病。CNS病原体细菌病毒真菌寄生虫螺旋体朊蛋白脑膜脑实质脊髓脊髓膜病原体入侵中枢神经系统的途径①血行感染②直接感染穿透性颅外伤或邻近组织感染后病原体蔓延进入颅内③神经干逆行感染:嗜神经病毒(neurotropicvirus)如单纯疱疹病毒、狂犬病细菌穿透血脑屏障的三种细胞机制A细菌通过胞饮/受体介导的方式穿透B细菌通细胞间缺损的紧密连接/缝隙链接穿透C细胞通过巨噬细胞“特洛伊木马”方式侵入细菌通过三叉神经分支逆行侵入颅内:A三叉神经分支B鼻窦处三叉神经分支发现细菌(类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌)CD细菌在三叉神经内多处分布共同临床特点目录CONTENTS1病毒性感染2细菌性感染3慢性感染炎性病中枢神经系统病毒感染性疾病补充内容1补充内容补充内容补充内容1多种病毒可进入中枢神经系统,引起急慢性神经系统疾病。2病毒诱发的中枢神经系统疾病严重性受到病毒侵入的途径,病毒的趋向性和免疫反应。3中枢神经系统免疫反应限制了病毒的扩散,但是也引起了严重的病理反应。5中枢神经系统病毒感染是严重的社会负担,需要更多的诊断和治疗方法。3中枢神经系统免疫反应限制了病毒的扩散,但是也引起了严重的病理反应。4病毒可以直接损伤神经细胞,诱发疾病的发生。3中枢神经系统免疫反应限制了病毒的扩散,但是也引起了严重的病理反应。中枢神经系统病毒感染概论AV,罗斯河病毒BV,布尼亚病毒HSV,单纯疱疹病毒JEV,日本脑炎病毒MeV,麻疹病毒SLEV,圣路易脑炎病毒TBEV,蜱传脑炎病毒WNV,西尼罗河病毒JCV,约翰·坎宁安病毒HIV,人类免疫缺陷病毒HEV,人类肠病毒RV,狂犬病病毒WNV,西尼罗河病毒HEV,人类肠病毒PV,脊髓灰质炎病毒RV,狂犬病病毒WNV,西尼罗河病毒HEV,人类肠病毒WNV,西尼罗河病毒CMV,巨细胞病毒HEV,人类肠病毒LCMV,淋巴细胞性脉络丛脑膜炎Mumps,流行性腮腺炎HEV,人类肠病毒HIV,人类免疫缺陷病毒JEV,日本脑炎病毒LCMV,淋巴细胞性脉络丛脑膜炎MeV,麻疹病毒Mumps,流行性腮腺炎Nipah,尼帕病毒脑易感病毒与神经细胞/部位脊髓易感病毒与神经细胞/部位HEV,人类肠病毒JEV,日本脑炎病毒PV,脊髓灰质炎病毒RV,狂犬病病毒TBEV,蜱传脑炎病毒WNV,西尼罗河病毒PV,脊髓灰质炎病毒RV,狂犬病病毒病毒感染诱发脊髓炎发病机制图HEV,人类肠病毒JEV,日本脑炎病毒PV,脊髓灰质炎病毒RV,狂犬病病毒TBEV,蜱传脑炎病毒WNV,西尼罗河病毒大量淋巴细胞浸润形成袖套状非对称性出血(常累及颞叶内侧&额叶下部)神经元&胶质细胞核内可见CowdryA型(嗜酸性)包涵体脑组织水肿、软化、出血、坏死,呈弥漫性病毒性脑炎病理•可发生于任何年龄•一般急性起病,也可亚急性起病•有前驱症状,发热全身不适、头痛等•1/4患者有口唇疱疹史•脑实质改变的表现:意识障碍、精神症状、癫痫发作、定位体征临床表现病毒的寻找RNA/DNA,IgG,IgM动态演变•带状疱疹病毒性脑炎:胸腰部带状疱疹史、病变轻、预后好、CSF查出该病毒抗体•肠道病毒性脑炎:夏秋、病初胃肠道症状、PCR•急性播散性脑脊髓炎:感染或接种疫苗后、脑和脊髓受损•巨细胞病毒性脑炎:少见、亚急性或慢性、体液、PCR鉴别诊断中枢神经系统病毒感染辅助检查AOneHHV-1positivepatientwascoinfectedwithEnterovirus.BTheRT-PCRassaywascapableofdetectingCoxsackieA9,A16,B2,B3,B4,B5;ECHO5,6,9,11,18,30andEntero71.HHV-1,humanherpesvirus1(单纯疱疹病毒-1);VZV,varicella-zostervirus,水痘-带状疱疹病毒,HHV-6,humanherpesvirus6(单纯疱疹病毒-6);TBEV,Tick-borneencephalitisvirus(蜱传播脑炎病毒);WNV,WestNilevirus(西尼罗病毒);HAdV,humanadenovirus(人腺病毒).病毒性脑炎的病毒筛查现状PLoSONE12(6):e0178481CSF,cerebrospinalfluid;EEG,electroencephalogram;HC,healthycontrol;VE,viralencephalitis;VM,viralmeningitis;WBC,whitebloodcell.P1value:eachgroup.P2value:VMversusVE.*P0.05.DemographicandclinicalcharacteristicsofacutecentralnervoussystemvirusinfectionsandthehealthycontrolgroupSerumuricacidandbrainviralinfectionsLietal.Majorblood-derivedproteinsinCSF(80%oftotalCSFproteins)Mainlybrain-derivedproteinsinCSF(20%oftotalCSFproteins)中枢神经系统急性病毒感染治疗策略59岁,单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎aT2WI双侧颞叶前内侧高信号bDWI显示双侧颞叶高信号cADC双侧颞叶低信号dMRS乳酸峰增加巨细胞病毒性脑炎CytomegalovirusEncephalitisina15-month-oldmalewithgeneralizedtonicclonicrefractoryseizures.AxialT2Wimage(a)showshydrocephaluswithperiventricularencephalomalciaandgeneralizedatrophy.AxialT1Wimage(b)revealspresenceofsubependymalcalcification(arrows).45岁,日本脑炎病毒a,b,c,dT2WI双侧丘脑,颞叶内侧,海马后部,黑质高信号,弥散受限。Japaneseencephalitisina45-year-oldmalepresentedwithclinicalfeatureofacuteencephalitis.AxialT2Wimages(a,b)showhyperintensityinbilateralthalami,medialtemporallobeespeciallytheposteriorpartofthehippocampusandsubstantianigra.DWimage(c)andADCmap(d)showrestricteddiffusionwithlowADCinsomeoftheseinvolvedareas.WestNile脑炎(40岁,男性)迟缓性瘫痪AxialT2W(a)and(b)imagesdemonstrateincreasedsignalintensityinthepontinetegmentumandsuperiorcerebellarpeduncles.AxialGRE(gradientrecalledecho)sequencesthroughthecervical(c)andthoraciccord(d)showabnormalsignalintensityinthegraymatterwithmorepronouncedinvolvementoftheventralhorns.PostcontrastsagittalT1Wimage(e)demonstratesenhancementofthecaudaequina.Dengueencephalitiswithleftinternalcapsulebleed.Dengueencephalitiswithleftinternalcapsulebleed.Focalareasofmixedhyperintensityareseenintheposteriorlimbofleftinternalcapsuleandrightparieto-occipitalregiononaxialT2Wimage(a)andFLAIR(b)withhypointensityonT1Wimage(c).SWAN(T2-starweightedangiography)image(d)alevelbelow(a–c)showsbloomingintheleftinternalcapsulelesionsuggestiveofhemorrhage.LesionsshowperipheralringlikerestrictiononDWimage(e).PostcontrastT1Wimage(f)showsringenhancementofthelesions.Serologyconfirmedthediagnosiswithpresenceofanti-dengueIgMandIgGantibodiesinCSF.狂犬病病毒10岁Rabiesencephalitisina10-year-oldboy,axialT2Wimages(a–c)showyperintensityofthecaudatehead,lentiformnucleus,mesialtemporallobe,andbrainstem.AxialandsagittalT2Wimage(d,e)ofthedorsalspineshowshyperintensityofcentralgraymatter,withsparingofthewhitematter.Autopsyconfirmedtheimagingfindings.急性腮腺炎病毒性脑炎Acutemeaslesencephalitisina20-year-oldmalewithhistoryofmyoclonicjerksandgeneralizedprogressivemotorweakness.AxialT2Wimages(a,b)showsubcorticalanddeepperiventricularwhitematterhyperintensityinthebilateralparieto-occipitalandtemporalregions.SwollenedematousgyriareseenonrightsidewithreducedADCvalueonADCmap(c).PostcontrastT1Wimage(d)showsenhancementalongthegyriintheinvolvedareasonrightsideconsistentwithacutepathology.Serologyconfirmedthediagnosiswithpresenceofanti-measlesIgMantibodiesintheCSF.Nipahencephalitisinapigfarmer.AxialT2Wimage(a)showsalargelesioninthecorpuscallosum(arrowhead)andseveralsmallhyperintensitiesinthewhitematter.OnlythelargerlesioninthecorpuscallosumisvisibleoncorrespondingaxialDWimage(b).PMRS(c)showsreductioninNAA/creatineratioandelevationofcholine/creatineratios.Se
本文标题:中枢神经系统感染 HUXIAOHUI
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