Narration

Narration15-1Genre…•Narration•Description•Exposition•ArgumentationNarrationisstorytelling,whetherwearerelatingasinglestoryorseveralrelatedones.15-3narrationFiction:includesnovels,playsandshortstoriesNon-Fiction:bibliographies,autobiographies,featurestoriesandtravelarticlesAgoodstoryanswers:Whathappened?Wheredidithappen?Whendidithappen?Whowasinvolved?Whydidithappen?Howdidithappen?Whatisnarration?Thenarrativeessaytellsastory(personal,true,imaginative).Formostpersonalexperienceessays,usesimplepastorpastcontinuoustense.Ifsomethinghappenedprevioustothepersonalexperience,usepastperfect.Whatisthetense?Whatisthe“pointofview”?Narrativeessaysaregenerallywritteninthefirstperson,thatis,usingI.“However,thirdperson(he,she,orit“,“they”)canalsobeused.Whatistheorderofnarration?AnarrationisAflashbackisNarrationinterspersedwith(散布)flashbacksis1.Whenashortpartofastorygoesbacktoeventsinthepast:2.whensometimestheflashbacksandthepresentalternate(交替出现)throughthestory.3.usuallyorganizedintheorderinwhichincidentsactuallyoccurred.312倒叙记叙插叙AnOutlineforNarrationWritingI.IntroductionEstablishestheplot(setting,characters,andtimeperiod)II.BodyFirstmajoreventSecondpartofthestoryThirdpart…Climax,thehighpointinthenarrativeResolutioninwhichtheconflict/tensionisresolved.III.ConclusionWhatisthemoralofthestory?munch(大声嚼嚼),sip(小口喝，抿),swallow(吞咽),slurp(啜食,出声地吃或喝),giggle(格格笑),jog(慢跑)chuckle(轻声笑),wander(闲逛),sprint(短距离疾跑),gulp(狼吞虎咽),stagger(踉跄),snigger(窃笑),trudge(缓慢而吃力地走，跋涉),nibble(小口轻咬，啃)laugheatdrinkrunwalkDirections:Matchtheabovespecificverbstothegeneralmeaningverbsinthefollowingcolumn.Remember:SpecificisTerrific!muchsipswallowslurpgigglejogchucklesprintgulpsniggertrudgestaggerwandergulpnibbleslurp15-11MainSectionstobeCovered5.1ElementsofNarrativeWriting5.2StructureofNarrativeWritingKeyPointsResearchisasystematicprocessofinquiryconsistingofthreeelements:i)aquestion,problem,orhypothesis,ii)dataiii)analysisandinterpretationofdata.15-12ElementsofNarrativeWriting•Importantelementsthatmakeupastory:•Characters;•Setting;•Conflicts;15-13Characters•Itisimpossibletohaveasuccessfulstorywithoutcharacters.•Yourcharacters,realorimaginative,mustlookandsound‘real’orcredible.Ifacharacterisnotdescribedwell,thestorywillnotbebelievable.15-14CharacterDevelopment1.Colourfuldescriptionofhis/herphysicalappearanceandpersonality.e.g.Bankclerk:afortyishblackmanwithshort,pressedhair,apencilmustache,andaneatlypressedbrownsuit.Boy:wearaV-necksweater,khakis,andloafers;havesandyhair.I:ashyandquietchild.15-152.Thereneedstobeapurposetoanycharactertraitsgiven.e.g.Bankclerk:afortyishblackmanwithshort,pressedhair,apencilmustache,andaneatlypressedbrownsuit.purpose:steady,inflexible,uprightandkind-heartedprotesttheboy’sinterestBoy:wearaV-necksweater,khakis,andloafers;havesandyhair.purpose:weakandtimidbebulliedandneedsomeonetoprotesthisinterest.15-163.Interactionsbetweencharactersshouldbebelievable–dialogues.e.g.Theofficerturnedtome.”Youknow,”hesaid,“youreallyshouldn’thaveinterfered.”“Shoudn’thaveinterfered?”Ishouted.“Well,itdamnwellseemedtomethatheneededsomeonetorepresenthisinterests.”“Someonewasrepresentinghisinterests,”hesaidsoftly.“Andwhomightthatbe?”“Thebank.”15-17a.Tomakeitreal,thewritermayusemanysentencefragment,slang,orpause.b.Thereisnoneedtoexcessivelyrepeatsuchphrasesas‘hesaid’,‘shereplied’,iftheconversationfollowsaclearsequence.15-181.ThisisatruestoryIjustheardfromafriendofmineoverphonethismorning,astoryaboutthefriend’sowndaughter,asixgrader,12-yearoldgirl,slimandsweet,alwaysregardedasabitspoilt“TheAppleoftheEye”forthemiddle-classcouplewholiveinHanzhong,asmallcityinthesouthernpartofShan’xiprovinceborderingSichuan.2.“Wearestillalive!”sheshoutedinanunusuallybravevoice,“weshouldbesinginginsteadofcrying.”3.“Iamsosorry,mydear!”themotherapologized,“I’vejustfinishedameeting.”“Nevermind,mum!”thegirltriedhardtoholdbackhertears,andthrewherselfintohermum’sarms.15-19Setting•Whereandwhenthenarrativetakesplace.•Allowsthereaderstovisualizethescenesandthecharactersinthosescenes.•Althoughthesettingmaybeclearfortheauthor,he/shemustcreateapictureforthereaders.15-20•LastSundaymyclosefriendTomandIwenttowatchafootballmatchatStateStadium.Theweatherwasextremelyfine.Theatmosphereofthefootballmatchwasevenmoreunexpectedlyvigorous.aSuccessfulsettingnotjustprovidesthephysicalbackgroundofthehappening.Itshouldalsorevealthespiritualbackgroundsuchasthemoodoratmospherethatreflectstheeventofthestory.15-21•Readthefollowingpassageandseeinwhatsettingthestoryisillustrated.Time,Location,Character’sstateofmindandemotionItwasat2:28pmonMay12,2008whentheearthjoltedsomuchthatallthepupilsrushedinpanicontotheschool’splayground,morethanathousandofthem.Scared,bewildered,manyofthemcouldn’thelpcryingaloud,thoughtheteacherstriedhardtoconsoleandcomfortthem,theywerecryingwhiletheearthwasstillshaking.However,aslimgirldidn’tcryatall.Instead,shetookholdofothertwogirls’handsandaskedthemtosingasongtogetherwithher.15-22•Time:•at2:28pmonMay12,2008•Location:•ontotheschool’splayground•Character’sstateofmindandemotio