The-Future-Renewable-Electric-Energy-Delivery-and-

CONTRIBUTEDPAPERTheFutureRenewableElectricEnergyDeliveryandManagement(FREEDM)System:TheEnergyInternetTheauthorsofthispapersuggestthatitisplausibletouseaplug-and-playapproachtoconnectingresourcesinfutureelectricpowersystems.ByAlexQ.Huang,FellowIEEE,MariesaL.Crow,FellowIEEE,GeraldThomasHeydt,LifeFellowIEEE,JimP.Zheng,MemberIEEE,andSteinerJ.Dale,FellowIEEEABSTRACT|Thispaperpresentsanarchitectureforafutureelectricpowerdistributionsystemthatissuitableforplug-and-playofdistributedrenewableenergyanddistributedenergystoragedevices.Motivatedbythesuccessofthe(information)Internet,thearchitecturedescribedinthispaperwasproposedbytheNSFFREEDMSystemsCenter,Raleigh,NC,asaroadmapforafutureautomatedandflexibleelectricpowerdistributionsystem.IntheenvisionedBEnergyInternet,[asystemthatenablesflexibleenergysharingisproposedforconsumersinaresidentialdistributionsystem.ThekeytechnologiesrequiredtoachievesuchavisionarepresentedinthispaperasaresultoftheresearchpartnershipoftheFREEDMSystemsCenter.KEYWORDS|Distributedgeneration;distributionautomation;electricpowerdistribution;energystorage;microgrid;powerelectronics;renewableenergy;smartgridNOMENCLATUREFREEDMFuturerenewableelectricenergydeliveryandmanagement.DRERDistributedrenewableenergyresource.DESDDistributedenergystoragedevice.IEMIntelligentenergymanagement.IFMIntelligentfaultmanagement.SSTSolidstatetransformer.FIDFaultisolationdevice.RSCReliableandsecurecommunication.DGIDistributedgridintelligence.MPPTMaximumpowerpointtracking.ERCEngineeringresearchcenter.I.INTRODUCTIONAccordingtotheUnitedStatesEnergyInformationAdministration,theUnitedStatestotalenergyconsump-tionin2007wasover27trillionkilowatthours(kWh),withabout11trillionkWhinelectricenergyconsumptionand8.4trillionkWhconsumedinthetransportationsector.Themajorityoftheenergyconsumedisgeneratedbynonrenewableandnonenvironmentallyfriendlyfossilfuelsourcessuchascoal,petroleum,andnaturalgas.Thisheavydependenceonfossilfuelsmaypotentiallyleadtoafutureenergycrisisinwhichfuelpricesincreaserapidlyorbecomesignificantlymoreexpensivethantheyarecur-rently.Threemajorfactorscontributetothisuncertainty:1)energyinsecurityVmostimportedoilcomesfrompoliticallyvolatileregions;2)thenonrenewablenatureManuscriptreceivedJuly26,2010;revisedSeptember13,2010;acceptedSeptember15,2010.DateofpublicationNovember11,2010;dateofcurrentversionDecember17,2010.A.Q.HuangiswiththeNorthCarolinaStateUniversity,Raleigh,NC27695USA(e-mail:[e-mail]).M.L.CrowiswiththeEnergyResearchandDevelopmentCenter,MissouriUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Rolla,MO65409USA(e-mail:[e-mail]).G.T.HeydtiswiththeArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ85287USA(e-mail:[e-mail]).J.P.ZhengiswiththeDepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,CollegeofEngineering,FloridaA&MUniversity/FloridaStateUniversity(FAMU-FSU),Tallahassee,FL32310USA(e-mail:[e-mail]).S.J.DaleiswiththeCenterforAdvancedPowerSystems,FloridaStateUniversity,Tallahassee,FL32310USA(e-mail:[e-mail]).DigitalObjectIdentifier:10.1109/JPROC.2010.2081330Vol.99,No.1,January2011|ProceedingsoftheIEEE1330018-9219/$26.002010IEEEoffossilfuels;and3)increasedglobalwarmingcausedbyCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustion.Greaterutilizationofrenewableenergyresourcescanhelpalleviatetheuncertaintiesassociatedwithfossilfuels.Currently,theuseofrenewableenergy(includinghydroelectricenergy)intheUnitedStatesisonly6.8%ofthetotalenergyconsumed,whichisalevelmuchlowerthanotherdevelopednations,wherefossilfuelpricesarehistoricallyhigherthantheUnitedStates.InanticipationoftheUnitedStatesmovetowardsgreaterrenewableenergyutilization,theabilitytoefficientlyusetheseresourcesmustbeaddressed.Onemajorchallengetothewidespreadadoptionofrenewableenergyistheabilitytostoreandcontrolthewidevarietyofdifferentenergyresources.Therefore,toenablethewidespreadutilizationoflongterm,secure,sustainable,andenvi-ronmentallyfriendlyenergy,thefutureelectricdistribu-tiongridmustaddresstheissuesofstorageandcomplexcontrol.Itisconjecturedthatmorethan50%ofprojectedglobalenergyneedscanbesatisfiedbyutilizingtheEarth’sgreenandrenewableenergysources(solar,wind,geother-mal,hydro,tidal,andoceanwaves).Toachievethisgoal,renewableenergyresourcesmustbeutilizedontwofronts:large-scalecentralizedinstallations(suchaswindorsolarfarms)andwide-scaleDRERs.ThewidespreaduseofDRERsattheresidentialandindustriallevelsisamajorparadigmshiftfortheelectricpowerindustry,whichhastraditionallyreliedoncentralizedpowergeneration.IntheproposedFREEDMsystemvision(showninFig.1),residentialuserscontroltheirenergyneedswithsmallandmodularDRERs(solarpanels,windturbines,andelectric/hydrogenfuelcellvehicles)throughastandardizedplug-and-playinterface.Tooptimizetheenergyuse,DESDscanbeusedtocomplementtheDRERs.TheDESDscanconsistofbatteries,hydrogenstorage(forusewithfuelcells),flowbatteries,orthebatteriesofplug-inelectricorhybridelectricvehicles.CustomerscouldsellFig.1.EnvisionedFREEDMsystembasedonwide-scaleuseofDRERsandDESDs.Huangetal.:TheFutureRenewableElectricEnergyDeliveryandManagement(FREEDM)System:TheEnergyInter