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当前位置:首页 > 中学教育 > 初中教育 > 英语语法基础(倒装与从句)
英语语法初步倒装与从句1先讲倒装一.概念:英语句子通常有两种语序:一种主语在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序,另一种谓语在前,主语在后,称为倒装语序。二.相关知识点按“主语+谓语”这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果排列顺序变为“谓语(或谓语一部分)+主语”,就是倒装。倒装句分为:完全倒装:整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装。部分倒装:只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫部分倒装。1.当以there,here,out,in,up,down,away等副词开头的句子,为了起到强调的作用,可构成倒装句,只把副词放在句首,主语和谓语位置调换,不加助动词。Ourteachercamein.——Incameourteacher.这种倒装要求:主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时,主语和谓语语序不变。如Hereitis.Awayhewent.这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。Herecomesthebus.Outrushedtheboys.2.how,then,just,often表示时间的副词放在句首,可构成倒装句,只把副词放在句首,主语和谓语位置调换,不加助动词。Thencame8yearsoftheAnti-JapaneseWar.3.表地点状语的介词短语放在句首,要用倒装句式,以示强调。这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置,不加助动词did,does,do.Underabigtree___D_____,halfasleep.A.didsatafatmanB.afatmansatC.didafatmansatD.satafatman4.there放在句首时,要用倒装句式。在“there+be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be,而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。如:live,stand,come,lie,flow,enter,rise和appear等。Therecameshoutsforhelpfromtheriver.Thereliesalargewheatfieldinfrontofthehouse.Manyyearsagotherelivedanoldmaninthewoodenhouse.Infrontofthetowerflewsastream.5.so+动词+主语neither/nor+动词+主语表示两人的同样一个情况时,只能表示一件事,即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致。否则要用soitiswith…Youcanrideabike.SocanI.HehasbeentoBeijing.SohaveI.Thefirstoneisn’tgood,neitheristhesecond.Hisuncleisaworkerandhasbeenworkinginthefactoryformorethantenyears.Soitiswithhisaunt.6.so+形容词/副词that的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示,也可以把so+形容词/副词放于句首构成倒装。句型如下:so+形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that+从句。Lighttravelssofastthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.=Sofastdoeslighttravelthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.Soeasywastheworkthatt英语语法初步倒装与从句2heyfinisheditinafewdays.7.done做形容词在句中做表语时,常把表语放在句首,要用倒装句式。GoneforeverarethedayswhentheChinesepeoplehadtouseforeignoil.8.否定副词not,never,seldom,nowhere,little,rarely放于句首时要用倒装句式。Weseldomgetupatfourinthemorning.=Seldomdowegetupatfourinthemorning.Notasinglewordfromhimcouldtheenemydrag.RarelyhaveIheardofsuchasillything.9.hardly…when;scarcely…when…;nosooner…than…可以用正常语序hadhardlydonewhen…did或用倒装句式Hardlyhad+主语+donewhen…did句式。hardly所在的句子用过去完成时。什么语从句在整个句子中就起什么语的作用,如主语从句就起主语的作用句子基本结构主+谓+宾+(宾补)简单理解主语后是动词的动词就是谓语,后面的对象就是宾语主+系+表amisare就是系动词,就是系语,is、am、are后面的就是表语(一般而言)look,seem,feel,sense,taste,smell,sound表感官时也起到系动词的作用,视为系动词,后接表语,多为形容词1.主语从句1)主语从句可直接位于主语的位置,如果从句较长,谓语又较短,可用it作形式主语,而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有:*Itisafact\apity\aquestion\goodnewsthat...*Itseems\appears\happened\hasturnedoutthat...*Itisclear\important\likely\possiblethat...*Itissaid\reported\estimated\hasbeenprovedthat...Itissaidthatcomicbookscreateaconnectionbetweenpeopleofthesamegeneration.Itseemsthattheperformanceisveryuseful.2)what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”,一般不用it作形式主语。Whatwelackisexperience.3)what,who,when,why,whether等词含有各自的疑问意义,但它们引导的主语从句,都用陈述语序。Howtheplanistobecarriedoutshouldbediscussedagain.IdidknowwhyIfeltlikecrying.2.宾语从句1)宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。inthat(因为),exceptthat(除了),butthat(只是)已构成固定搭配,其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。*IpromisedthatIwouldchangethesituation.*AllthisisdifferentfromwhatAmericanyoungpeoplewouldsayaboutfriendship.*Heiscertainthatwatchingsomuchtelevisionisnotgoodforchildren.英语语法初步倒装与从句3*Thisarticleiswell-writtenexceptthatitisabittoolong.2)宾语从句后如有宾补,要用形式宾语it来代替,而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。Hehasmadeitclearthathewouldnotchangehismind.(clear就是宾补,对宾语起补充说明作用的就是宾补)注:3)在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句中,如果谓语是否定的,一般将否定词移至主句谓语上,宾语从句则变成肯定形式。Hedidn'tthinkthatthemoneywaswellspent.3.表语从句表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that,what,when,why,whether,how等引导外,还可由because,asif(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句,不可用because.PerhapsthemostimportantthingtorememberisthatthereisnoonecommontypeoflifeinAmerica.Thereasonwhysomanypeoplediedthereisthattherewerenotenoughfoodsupplies.Itlooksasifsuccessfulinternationalculturalcommunicationwillmaketheworldsmaller.4.同位语从句同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明,一般用连词that引导,由于先行名词的意义不同,也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短,将同位语从句位于谓语之后。Shefinallymadethedecisionthatshewouldjointhefashionshow.IhadnoideahowmanybooksIcouldborrowatatime.Thenewscamethattheirteamhadwonthechampionship.5.定语从句定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词,也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后,由关系代词或关系副词引导。*限制性定语从句限制性定语从句修饰先行词,对先行词起修饰作用,紧接先行词之后,无逗号,若省去,原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等。who,whom,whose用于指人,whose有时也可指物,相当于ofwhich;which用于指物;that既可指人也可指物,但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句,替代先行词外,还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。Thosewholivealoneorwhoaresickmayhavetroubleingettingclosetootherpeople.Thegirlwhoseparentsdiedinanaccidentislivingwithhergrandmother.1)当先行词是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容词最高级修饰时,只能用关系代词that引导从句。ThatisallthatI'veheardfromhim.英语语法初步倒装与从句4He'sthefirstpersonthatI'mgoingtointerviewthisafternoon.2)关系代词的省略在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词,作介词宾语时不可用that,只可用which或whom引导从句,并且不可省略,但当介词位于宾语从句句末时,作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that,也可省略。Thisisoneofthosethingswithwhichwehavetoputup.Thisisoneofthosethings(which\that)wehavetoputupwith.3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语,意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。Evenincomicbookswhere(=inwhich)therearenowords,thestoriesarefullyexpressedthroughthedrawings.Nooneknowsthereasonwhy(=forwhich)hewassoangrythatday.*非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词,也可修饰整
本文标题:英语语法基础(倒装与从句)
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