牛津译林 模块六第二单元 M6U2 Grammar and usage语法

在前一个单元，我们回顾了非谓语动词在句子中充当主语、定语和宾语补足语时所表示的意义，以及他们在充当这些句子成分时的区别。这节课，我们接着学习非谓语动词的另一句法功能—作状语。referencereferenceTolearntoidentifynon-finiteverbsusedasadverbialsTolearnthedifferencesbetweentoinfinitiveandverb-ing/verb-edwhenusedasadverbialsTolearndifferentformsofnon-finiteverbsInfinitive,verb-ingandverb-edNon-finiteverbsareoftenusedasadverbials.Whatarethehiddenmeaningsdotheyusuallyexpress?Arethereanydifferenceswhentheyareusedasadverbials?Dotheyhaveanyotherforms?ReadthepointsonPage24.Youwillfindtheanswers.动词不定式作状语不定式作状语时，要注意不定式的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致。(1)做目的状语可单独出现，或以inorderto+动词原形、soasto+动词原形等形式做目的状语，可置于句首，意为“为了……”，如：Tocatchthebus,youmustgetupearly.=Inordertocatchthebus…=Youmustgetupearlysoastocatch…(2)做结果或程度状语常以enoughto或too…to…等形式出现，并能转换成so…that…句式。如：LiuMeiwasluckyenoughtoreceivemanybooksfromProjectHope.=LiuMeiwassoluckythatshereceivedmanybooksfromProjectHope.Hewastooyoungtoliftthatbox.=Hewassoyoungthathecannotliftthatbox.—Couldyoubesokindastoclosethewindow?—Withpleasure.Iamsuchafoolastothinkthatsheisawarm-heartedwoman.Hehurriedtothestationonlytofindthetrainhadleft.(3)做原因状语常用在sorry,glad,surprised,pleased,angry等词后说明产生这种情绪的原因，或表示没有预料到的、事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子的后面，若不定式为不及物动词，其后应加必要的介词。如：•I’msorrytohearaboutyourfailureonbusiness.•Hewillbesogladtoseeyouhere.分词作状语1.分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式或伴随状语。通常可以转换成相应的状语从句。表示方式或伴随状况时可以转换成并列或非限制性定语从句。如：PutintouseinApril2000(=WhenitwasputintouseinApril2000),thehotlinewasmeantforresidentsreportingwaterandheatingsupplybreakdowns.(时间)Blamedforthebreakdownoftheschoolcomputernetwork(=Becauseshewasblamedforthebreakdownoftheschoolcomputernetwork),Alicewasinlowspirits.(原因)Giventime(=Ifheisgiventime),he’llmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.(条件)Weoftenprovideourchildrenwithtoys,thinkingthatallchildrenlikethem.(=andthinkthat…)(伴随)2.有时为了强调，分词前可带when,while,once,if,though,although,asif,unless等连词一起作状语，以便句子的意思更清楚、更连贯。如：•Whencomparingdifferentcultures,weoftenpayattentiononlytothedifferenceswithoutnoticingthemanysimilarities.•thoughtired,hestillcontinuedreading.3.现在分词和过去分词作状语时区别：不管是现在分词还是过去分词单独作状语，其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。分词作状语通常可转换成一个相应的状语从句或并列句，如果状语分句或并列句中的谓语动词为被动结构，就用过去分词；如果状语分句或并列句中的谓语动词为主动结构，就用现在分词。例如：Whencomparedwiththesizeofthewholeearth,thebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall.(分词部分相当于Whenthebiggestoceaniscomparedwiththesizeofthewholeearth,主语与分词是被动关系。)Whencomparingitwiththesizeofthewholeearth,wefindthatthebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall.(Whenwecompareitwiththesizeofthewholeearth…主语与分词是主动关系。)4.现在分词的两种时态：一般式doing，通常指与主句的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或无先后顺序;完成式havingdone则强调分词所表示的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作。如：Whilewalkinginthestreet,wemetsomefriendsofours.(同时发生)Havingwaitedinthequeueforhalfanhour,Tomsuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthiswalletathome.(“等待”在先)5.分词完成式的两种语态：主动语态havingdone；被动语态havingbeendone。Havingbeentrappedintraffic,hewaslateforwork.6.分词的否定式的构成:not+分词。•Nothavingreceivedareply,hedecidedtowriteagain.•Notrepairedwell,thewashingmachinestoppedworkingagain.7.分词的独立主格结构是分词的一种特殊形式，在句中作状语。在分词的独立主格结构中，名词或代词同其后的分词在逻辑上有主谓关系时用现在分词；在逻辑上有动宾关系时用过去分词。在独立主格结构中，如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动词时间之前，常用现在分词完成时态表示。如：Wintercoming,it’sgettingcolderandcolder.(winter和come是逻辑主谓关系)Moremoneygiven,weshouldhavesentmoreemployeestothemothercompanytogettrained.(句中money与give是动宾关系，所以用过去分词)Thesnowhavingstopped,shewentouttosweepthesnowintheyard.(强调分词动作发生在先)注：在独立结构中，现在分词的完成式有时可以简化成过去分词。Hisworkhavingbeenfinished/Hisworkfinished,hewenthome.8.一些习惯表达作插入语，起评注说明的作用，用法固定，不必考虑逻辑上的关系，常用的有：generallyspeaking,considering,given,supposingthat,talkingof,seeingthat(鉴于)等。eg.Consideringeverything,itwasn’tabadholiday.Supposingthattherewaswar,whatwouldyoudo?Summarizetheusageofnon-finiteverbstoinfini-tivev-ingV-edbeing+v-edhaving+v-edhavingbeen+v-ed主语宾语表语toinfini-tivev-ingV-edbeing+v-edhaving+v-edhavingbeen+v-ed宾补定语状语Reflectiontime1.Toinfinitivecanbeusedtoexpress__________________whenitisusedasanadverbialinasentence.2.Verb-ingorverb-edcanbeusedtoexpress________________whenusedasadverbialsinsentences.3.Theperfectformofverb-ingis_____andthepassiveformis_____.请点击1.Tobeagreatscientist,_____.A.mathsisveryimportantB.mathsismoreimportantthanothersubjectsC.onemustunderstandmathsD.mathsisimportanttobeunderstoodQuizI:Multiplechoice.2._____someofficials,Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.A.FollowedB.FollowedbyC.BeingfollowedD.Havingbeenfollowed3.Therewasaterriblenoise___thesuddenburstoflight.A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed4._______,liquidscanbechangedintogases.A.HeatingB.TobeheatedC.HeatedD.Heat5.Don’tusewords,expressions,orphrases_____onlytopeoplewithspecialknowledge.A.beingknownB.havingbeenknownC.tobeknownD.known6.___inthought,healmostranintothecarinfront.A.LosingB.HavinglostC.LostD.Tolose7._____suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetoclearuptheriver.A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.TosufferD.Suffered8.Thevisitorexpressedhissatisfaction,____thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.A.havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.added9.Theboylayontheground,hiseyes____andhishands____.A.beingclosed；tremblingB.closed；tremblingC.closed；trembledD.closing；trembled10.Unless____tospeak,youshouldremainsilentatthemeeting.A.invitedB.beinginvitedC.havinginvitedD.beingi