变频器与西门子PLC通讯

本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：URBANRENEWALPOLICYINCHICAGO文献、资料来源：期刊JournalofUrbanAffairs第31期文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2000.8院（部）：管理工程学院专业：工程管理班级：工管081姓名：李洪砚学号：2008021014指导教师：亓霞翻译日期：2012.6.3山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文---1-外文文献：AdvancedEncryptionStandardREGIMEBUILDING,INSTITUTIONBUILDING:URBANRENEWALPOLICYINCHICAGO,1946–1962JOELRASTUniversityofWisconsin-MilwaukeeABSTRACT:Urbanregimeanalysisemphasizestheroleofcoalitionbuildingincreatingacapacitytogovernincities.ThroughacasestudyofurbanrenewalpolicyinpostwarChicago,thisarticleconsiderstheroleplayedbypoliticalinstitutions.Conceptualizingthishistoricalperiodasoneofregimebuilding,Ishowhowexistingpoliticalinstitutionswereoutofsyncwiththecity’snewgoverningagendaofurbanrenewalandredevelopmentfollowingWorldWarII.Creatingacapacitytogoverninurbanrenewalpolicyrequiredbothcoalitionbuildingandafundamentalreworkingofformalgoverninginstitutions.Itwasspring1964,andChicagowasinthemidstofitsgreatestconstructionboomsincetherebuildingeffortfollowingtheGreatChicagoFireof1871.InthethirdofaseriesofarticlesonChicago’spostwarrevitalization,theChicagoTribunecelebratedtheaccomplishmentsofthepast10years:morethansixmillionsquarefeetofnewofficespaceconstructeddowntown;nearly1,000acresof“blighted”landclearedfornewdevelopment;atotalof27urbanrenewalprojectscompleted,underway,orapprovedforconstruction;anewconventioncenterbuiltonthelakefront;andtheemergenceofO’HareInternationalAirportas“theworld’sfinestjetterminal”(Gowran,1964).UndertheleadershipofRichardJ.Daley,electedmayorin1955,Chicago’smassiveurbanrenewalprogramwouldeventuallyrankfirstamongU.S.citiesintotalfederaldollarsreceived(ChicagoTribune,1968).TheaccomplishmentsofChicago’surbanrenewalprogramduringMayorDaley’sfirstdecadeinofficeareallthemoreremarkablewhenexaminedalongsidetherecordofhispredecessorasmayor,MartinH.Kennelly.PlansforurbanrenewalinChicago,orchestratedlargelybybusinessleaders,wereunderwaywhenKennellywaselectedmayorin1947.Kennellyenthusiasticallyembracedthebusinesscommunity’sredevelopmentagendaandeagerlysoughtfederalfundingforslumclearanceandpublichousing.However,urbanrenewalquicklybecamemiredincontroversy,stallingprogressonnumerousfronts.OfatotalofeightslumclearanceandredevelopmentprojectsinitiatedduringtheKennellyadministration,nonehadbeencompletedbythetimeKennellyleftofficein1955.Downtownredevelopmentwasstilllargelyatastandstill,山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文---2-withonlyonenewofficetowerunderconstruction..HowwasChicago’surbanrenewalprogramtransformedfromitsoriginsasaweakandconflict-riddeninitiativeintothepoliticalandeconomicsteamrolleritultimatelybecameundertheleadershipofRichardJ.Daley?Scholarsofurbanpoliticaldevelopmenthaveidentifiedthepost-WorldWarIIeraasaperiodofregimebuilding(Cummings,1988;DeLeon,1992;Ferman,1996;Levine,1989;Mollenkopf,1983;Spragia,1989;Stone,1989).InwhatRobertSalisbury(1964)called“thenewconvergenceofpower,”cityofficialsacrossthecountryformedsustained,multiissueallianceswithlocalbusinessleadersaroundurbanrenewalandredevelopment.Ac-cordingtourbanregimetheorists,thesuccessofpostwarredevelopmenteffortswasdeterminedmorebythestrengthandcohesivenessofsuchcoalitions—or“regimes”—thanbytheformalpowersoflocalgovernment(Stone,1989;Stone&Sanders,1987).Effectivegovernanceinde-velopmentpolicywasachievedwhenresourcescontrolledbygovernmentandnongovernmentalactors(mainlybusiness)weredeployedaroundasharedagenda.Whatmatteredmost,inotherwords,wasnottheformalmachineryoflocalgovernmentorlocalpoliticalinstitutionsbuttheabilityofpublicandprivateactorstounitearoundagoverningagendacommensuratewiththeresourcesattheirdisposal(Elkin,1987;Stoker,1995;Stone,1989,1993).Prospectswerepartic-ularlygoodwhenaresourcefulandcohesivebusinesselitewaspairedwithapoliticallypowerfulmayorsuchasDaleyofChicago.Whileafocusoninformalgoverningarrangements—inparticular,themobilizationofresourcesthroughregimebuilding—explainsmuchabouthowgoverningcapacitywascreatedinpostwarcities,informalarrangementsarenotthewholestory.AsSkocpol(1992)hasargued,policyoutcomesaredeterminedinpartbythe“fit”betweenthegoalsofpoliticallyactivegroupsandexistingpoliticalinstitutions.Governinginstitutionsserveas“staginggrounds”or“rulesofthegame”forpoliticalaction,favoringcertainpoliticalactorsandcoursesofactionoverothers(Bridges,1997,p.14).AccordingtoSkocpol(1992,p.54),Theoverallstructureofpoliticalinstitutionsprovidesaccessandleveragetosomegroupsandalliances,thusencouragingandrewardingtheireffortstoshapegovernmentpolicies,whilesimultaneouslydenyingaccessandleveragetoothergroupsandalliances....Thismeansthatthedegreeofsuccessthatanypoliticallyactivegroupormovementachieves山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文---3-isinfluencednotjustbytheself-consciousnessand“resourcemobilization”ofthatsocialforceitself.Ingeneral,thegoverninginstitutionsofcitiesimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarIIwereill-suitedtothetaskoflarge-scaleredevelopment.Urbanrenewalandredevelopmentrequiredstrongexecutiveleadershipandcentralizedplanninganddevelopmentauthority.Inmanycases,however,thepowersofcitygovernmentwerehighlyfragmented.Politicalmachines,whiletypicallyindecline,werestillas