Sense relations 语义关系

LexicologyLecture10Senserelations语义关系Senserelations语义关系•Senserelationsaretherelationsheldbetweenwordswithinthevocabulary.1.synonymy同义关系2.antonymy反义关系3.hyponymy下义关系4.homonymy同形同音异义关系定义，分类，比较5.polysemy一词多义Synonymy1.Synonymy2.Typesofsynonyms3.Sourcesofsynonyms4.DiscriminationofsynonymsSynonymy•Synonymscanbedefinedaswordsdifferentinsoundandspellingbutmostnearlyalikeorexactlythesameinmeaning.--张维友picture,photo,snapshotSynonymy•Synonymyisatermusedinsemanticstorefertoamajortypeofsenserelationbetweenlexicalitems:lexicalitemswhichhavethesamemeaningbutdifferinmorphemicstructure,phonologicalformandusagearesynonyms,andtherelationshipbetweenthemisoneofsynonymy.typesofsynonymy•total/absolute/perfectsynonyms•partialsynonyms（部分同义词）Synonyms•total/absolute/perfectsynonyms:(完全同义词)arewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects,i.e.bothingrammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaninginclude.•highlyspecializedvocabularye.g.Scarlet-fever----scarlatinainmedicinemalnutritionandundernourishmentWordbuilding----wordformationComposition---compoundingSynonymy•partialsynonyms（部分同义词）/relative~相对refertoitemswhicharecloseenoughintheirmeaningtoallowachoicetobemadebetweentheminsomecontextswithoutaffectingthemeaningofthesentenceasawhole.(theimportanceof“context”)Lu(p335)Synonymy•partialsynonyms（部分同义词）examples:‘able’,‘capable’,‘nearly’,‘almost’‘announce’,‘declare’•moreexamples:phrasesandidiomsFinally—atlengthImmediately—atonceDepress—letdownRequire—callforSynonymy•moreexamples:phrasesandidiomsoverheadandearsinuptotheneckininathousandandonewaysbyhookorbycrooktodie,topassaway,tokickthebucket死(中性)，逝世(褒义)，蹬腿了(俚语)1.sourcesofsynonymy⑴BorrowingWordsofnativeoriginformmanycoupletsandtripletswiththosefromotherlanguages,e.g.•Nativeforeignroomchamberfoeenemybegincommencebuypurchasebodilycorporalheavensky1.sourcesofsynonymy⑴BorrowingWordsofnativeoriginformmanycoupletsandtripletswiththosefromotherlanguages,e.g.•NativeFrenchLatinaskquestioninterrogaterisemountascendfastfirmsecurefireflameconflagrationfearterrortrepidationtimeageepoch….Features:nativewords:colloquial,intimateFrenchwords:formalLatinorGreekwords:moreformal,frozen1.sourcesofsynonymy⑵DialectsandregionalEnglish•AmEBrtEhelpservantsidewalkpavementrailroadrailwayelevatorliftdruggistchemistgasolinepetrolinstallmentplanhire-purchasesystem佣人人行道铁路电梯药品商汽油分期付款1.sourcesofsynonymy⑶figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwordse.g.Drunk-elevated(euph),lie---distortthefact(euph)⑷coincidencewithidomaticexpressionse.g.win—gaintheupperhandhesitate-beintwomindshelp—lendoneahandDiscriminationofsynonyms•Generallyspeaking,thereisnodifferencebetweenabsolutesynonymswhereasrelativesynonymsalwaysdifferinonewayoranother.1.differenceinrangeandintensityofmeaning2.differenceinstylisticfeatures3.differenceinemotivecolouring4.differenceinapplicationDiscriminationofsynonyms1.differenceinrangeandintensityofmeaningIdidnotcomprehendhisexpositionorhisarguments,althoughIunderstoodthelanguage,andthegrammaticalimportofeachsentence.‘Understand’isusedinamuchmoreextendedsensethan‘comprehend’.workvs.toilDiscriminationofsynonyms2.DifferenceinstylisticfeaturesPoliceman,constable,bobby,copPoliceman(Brt.&Am.E)andconstableareneutral.BobbyiscolloquialusedonlyinBritishEnglish.Copisslangy.Discriminationofsynonyms3.DifferenceinemotivecolouringManywordsmaybesynonymousinconceptualmeaningbutdifferinemotivevalues.e.g.resultvs.consequence①Lookatthatlovelylittleboy.②Lookatthatsmallboy.③Lookatthattinyboy.Discriminationofsynonyms4.DifferenceinapplicationEmptyVacantSeatChairapartmentBoxStreetRoomsomeinterestingexpressions•汉语中有“差点儿”，“差不点儿”；“好容易”，“好不容易”；“好繁华”，“好不繁华”•英语中有““valuable”and“invaluable”“flammable”and“inflammable”“shameful”and“shameless”“heritable”and“inheritable”“agoodscare”and“abadscare”“afatchance”and“aslimchance”“quitealot”and“quiteafew”Confusablewords容易混淆的词•Predictv.语言predicatev论断•Masterfula专横的masterlya熟练的•Alternatea交替的alternativea•Fatefulfatal•Informern告密者informant提供消息者•Intense强烈的intensive•Observancen遵守observation观察Confusablewords容易混淆的词doubt,suspect–“怀疑，疑心”•I__________hewassufferingfrompepticulcer.•Thedoctor___________hewassuffering…Object,oppose反对•Theyall______tomyproposal.•TheAfricanpeoplestrongly______imperialistinterventionintheirinternalaffairs.Antonymy反义关系•Typesofantonyms•Featureofantonyms•TheUseofAntonymsAntonymy反义关系Antonymydealswithsemanticopposition.反义关系研究的是语义上的对立。Whatareantonyms?Antonymscanbedefinedaswordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.反义词可被定义为意义上对立的词。TypesofantonymsMorphologically,antonymscanbedividedintorootantonyms(词根反义词)andderivativeantonyms（派生反义词）.P340•词根反义词：clear—vague,long—short,up—down,white—black•派生反义词:•code--decode,appear—disappear,•useful—useless,prewar—postwarTypesofantonymsSemantically,antonymscanbedividedintothreetypes:①Complementary②Contrary③Converses(1)Complementaries互补反义词Complementariesareformsofantonymswhichtrulyrepresentoppositenessofmeaning.互补反义词是真正反映意义对立的反义词形式。binaryantonyms二元反义词nongradableExamplesinthetextbook:•Adj.:dead—alive,present—absent,male—female,true—false,•Noun:boy—girl,man—woman•V.pass---fail;hit---missFeaturesofcomplementaries