Reviewoflinguistics.x课件

ReviewoflinguisticsHuangchunliDemandsforfinalexam•1.满分：100分。保持卷面整洁，否则扣卷面1分。•2.交卷时请将试题卷与答题卷一起交，否则扣分。•3.学生必须将姓名、班级、学号完整填写在规定的密封栏目内，否则视为废卷。•4.学生必须签到，否则出现遗漏由学生本人负责。•5.仔细阅读试题和答题要求，按试题编号在答题纸上作答,作答在试卷上无效。Theexamitems•Ⅰ.multiplechoice10分•10个1分一个•Ⅱ.decideTorF10分•10个1分一个•Ⅲ.fillingtheblanks.10分•10个1分一个•Ⅳ.languagefactsanalysis50分•8个左右小题，根据所学语言学知识和原理分析语言材料。•Ⅴ.questions20分•3个问题，简明回答。Chapterone•Saussure’sworkCourseinGeneralLinguisticsmarkedthebeginningofmodernlinguisticsA.KHalliday•Threebroadfunctions•Ideational•Interpersonal•textualPropertiesoflanguage•Arbitrariness•Duality•Productivity•Culturaltransmission•displacementSomedistinctiveconcepts•Prescriptiveanddescriptive•Synchronicanddiachronic•Langueandparole•CompetenceandperformanceChaptertwo•Threebranchesofphonetics:•Articulatoryphonetics•Auditoryphonetics•Acousticphoneticsvocalcords•“voiceless”---Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration.•“voiced”---Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsounds---afeatureofallvowelsandsomeconsonants;Thephoneticpropertiesofconsonants•Theplacesofarticulation•Themannersofarticulation•Thephoneticdescriptionoftheconsonants•P31tableThephoneticpropertiesofvowels•Hightmidlow•Frontcentralback•Roundedorunrounded•LongshortChapterthree•Phonologyandphonetics(p40)•Similarity---•Difference---•Relation---•Minimalpair最小对立体(p42)•Complementarydistribution(p44-46)Distinctivefeaturesp43-44•/p,t,k/[-voiced]/b,d,g/[+voiced]•Fricatives/f,v,θ,ð,s,z,ʃ,ʒ/[+continuant]•Approximants/l,r,h/•Stops/p,b,t,d,k,g/•Nasals/m,n,g/[-continuant]•Syllable(syllablestructuresP52)•Stress(wordstressP53)ChapterfourGrammatical(function)wordsandlexical(content)words•Thosewhichexpressgrammatical(functional)meanings,aregrammatical(function)words,suchas,conjunctions,prepositions,articles,andpronouns.•Thosewhichhavelexicalmeanings,thatis,thosewhichrefertosubstance,action,andquality,arelexical(content)words,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.Typesofmorphemes(69-71)•1.Freemorphemesandboundmorphemes•2.Roots,affixesandstems•3.inflectionalmorphemesandderivationalmorphemesWord-formation(p71-83)•Majorprocesses•Inflection•Compoundingorcomposition•Derivationoraffixation•ConversionChapterfive•Wordclass(lexicalcategories)•Majorlexicalcategories•NNoun•VVerb•AAdjective•PPreposition•ADVAdverbPhrase•NP•VP•AP•PP•ADVP•Headwords(p90)ClausesandSentences•subject•S•predicateIC(immediateconstituents)Analysis•ThetechniqueofbreakingupsentencesintosmallerunitsbymakingsuccessivebinarycuttingiscalledICanalysis.(P91)•Treediagram•S•NP•VP•DetNVNP••DetN•Thestudentreadsabook.SevenclausepatternsP95•1.SV•2.SVO•3.SVCs•4.SVAs•5.SVOiOd•6.SVOCo•7.SVOAoGrammaticalcategoriesp97•TensesandAspects时体•past•Tensespresent•future•perfective•Aspects•progressive•Case格P96-97SemanticrolesofclauseelementsP101-103•Agent:•Patient:•Recipient:•Beneficiary•Experiencer:•Instrument:•Time:•Location:Chapterseven•semantictriangles•THOUGHT/REFERENCE(CONCEPT)•SYMBOL/FORMREFERENT•Synonymy---itreferstothesamenessorsimilarityofmeaning.•Synonyms---thewordsarecloseinmeaning.•dialectal•stylistic•Synonymsemotional•collocational•semantical•Antonymy---itreferstotheoppositenessofmeaning.•Antonyms---wordsareoppositeinmeaning.•gradable•Antonymscomplementary•relational•reverse•Hyponymy---itreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneralandamorespecificword.•Superordinate---themoregeneralword•Hyponyms---thespecificwords•Co-hyponyms---hyponymsofthesamesuperordinate•food•Fruitmeatvegetable•applebananaorangebeefporkmuttoncabbagecucumbertomato•“bird”,“instrument”•Homonymy---itreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesamesoundorspelling,orinboth.••homophones:twowordsare•identicalinsound.•Homonymyhomographs:twowordsare•identicalinspelling.•completehomonyms:two•wordsareidenticalbothin•soundandspelling.Analysisofwordmeaning7.4•A.ComponentialAnalysis---awaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning(CA)•Woman[-MALE][+ADULT][+HUMAN]•Bachelor[+MALE][+ADULT][+HUMAN]•[-MARRIED]•Wife[-MALE][+ADULT][+HUMAN][+MARRIED]Senserelationsbetweensentences•1)XisequivalentwithY.(XhasthesamemeaningofY.)•2)XiscontradictorywithY.•3)XentailsY.(weknowthatXthenautomaticallyY.)•Entailmentisarelationofinclusion.IfXentailsY,thenthemeaningofXisincludedinY.•4)XpresupposesY.(YisaprerequisiteorbackgroundofX.)•5)Xiscontradiction.(Xisinconsistentwithitself.i.e.assertsanddeniesthesamething)•6)Xissemanticallyanomalous.(Xisabsurdinsense.)7.6pragmatics•pragmaticsisthestudyofthoserelationsbetweenlanguageandcontext(p150)•ContextCPcooperationprinciple合作原则FourmaximsofCP•themaximofquantity•(makeyourinformationasrequired,notlessormorethanneed)•themaximofquality•Donotsaywhatyoubelievefalseorlackadequateevidence•themaximofrelation•Berelevant•themaximofmanner•AvoidobscurityorambiguityConversationalimplicatures(会话含义)•WhenconversationersintentionallyviolateoneofthefourmaximsoftheCP,conversationalimplicaturesproduced.•Seeingexamplesonp152-155温馨提示•1.认真复习所学章节(每页内容都仔细看)特别是本PPT指示内容；•2.阅读每章节最后的summary小结；•3.熟悉书上图表，例子；•4.灵活性分析性理解知识点和原理。人有了知识，就会具备各种分析能力，明辨是非的能力。所以我们要勤恳读书，广泛阅读，古人说“书中