决算表的编制

1FinalAccountsReferences：Chapter7to10(P.59-113)22ATrialBalance(試算表)Atrialbalanceisalistofdebitbalancesandcreditbalancesinthebooksofaccounts。Thetotalofdebitbalancesandthetotalofcreditbalancesareequal.Ifnot,errorsareneededtoidentitied.Trialbalanceisthebasisforpreparingfinalaccounts(TradingandprofitandlossA/C;BalanceSheet).3ExamplesofTrialBalance：LeungsCompanyTrialBalancefortheyearended31December,2008$$Sales1010Returnsinwards10Stockasat1January,2008100Purchases530Returnsoutwards20Carriagesinwards10Rentalincome100Commissionreceived50Rent120Commission30Electricity150Rates504$$Landandbuilding1000OfficeFurniture700Fittings500Officeequipment500Machinery1000Motorvehicles500Debtors1500Bank400Cash80Creditors1000Bankoverdraft500Capital3000Drawings100Bankloan1000Loan－Mr.Cheung60072807280Stockasat31December,2008is$1205BTradingA/CNetSales－Costofgoodssold＝Grossprofit/Grossloss•Function:Calculatethegrossprofitorgrossloss.NetSales=Sales–ReturnsinwardsCostofgoodssold=Openingstock＋(NetPurchases+Carriageinwards)-ClosingstockNetPurchases=Purchases–ReturnsoutwardsGrossprofit:NetSalesCostofsalesGrossloss:CostofsalesNetsales6Puttheaboveformulas(算式)intoastatement,aTradingA/Cisformed.TradingA/chasverticalformandhorizontalform.7Examplesofverticalform：LeungsCompanyTradingA/Cfortheyearended31December,2008$$$Sales1010Less：Returnsinwards10NetSales1000Less：CostofgoodssoldStockasat1January,2006100Add：Purchases530Less：Returnsoutwards20Netpurchases510Add：Carriageinwards10520620Less：Stockasat31December,2006120500Grossprofit5008Examplesofhorizontalform（Tform）LeungsCompanyTradingA/Cfortheyearended31December,2008$$$OpeningStock100Sales1010Add：Purchases530Less：Returnsinwards10Less：Returnsoutwards20NetSales1000Netpurchases510Add：Carriageinwards10520620Less：Closingstock120Costofgoodssold500Grossprofitc/d500100010009CProfitandlossA/CGrossprofit＋Otherincome－Expenses＝Netprofit/Netloss•Functions:calculatethenetprofit/netloss.Otherincome=rentalincome+commissionincome+…Expenses=rentandrates+commission+electricity+…Netprofit:Grossprofit+IncomeExpensesNetloss:ExpensesGrossprofit+Income10Puttheaboveformulas(算式)intoastatement,aProfitandlossA/Cisformed.TradingA/chasverticalformandhorizontalform.11Verticalform：LeungsCompanyProfitandlossfortheyearended31December,2008$$Grossprofit500Add：Rentalincome100Commissionincome50650Less：ExpensesRent120Commission30Electricity150Rates50350NetProfit30012Examplesofhorizontalform(Tform)：LeungsCompanyProfitandlossA/Cfortheyearended31December,2006$$Rent120Grossprofitb/d500Commission30Rentalincome100Electricity150Commissionincome50Rates50Netprofit30065065013DBalanceSheet*Assets＝Non-currentassets＋Currentassets**Liabilities＝Currentliabilities＋Long-termliabilities***Capital:Openingcapital＋Netprofit－Capital＝ClosingcapitalAssets*＝Liabilities**＋Capital***Balancesheetisastatementtorecordthebalancesofassets,liabilitiesandcapitalattheendoftheaccountingperiod.14D1Non-currentAssetsNon-currentassetshavealonglifeandaretobeusedinthebusiness.Thenon-currentassetsisnotboughtforresale.E.g.Landandbuilding,Furniture,Fixturesandfitting,Officeequipment,Machinery,Motorvehicles…15Non-currentassetsarelistedintheorderof“permanency”intheBalanceSheetareasfollows:Non-currentassetsLandandbuildingFurnitureFixturesandfittingsOfficeequipmentMachineryMotorvehicles16D2CurrentassetsCurrentassetsarelikelytobeconvertedintocashintheshortterm(i.e.within1year)oritemshavingashortlife.E.g.Stock,Debtors,Prepayment,Bank,Pettycash,Cash…17Currentassetsarelistedstartingthemostdifficulttobeturnedintocash,andthelastoneis“Cash”:CurrentassetsStockDebtorsPrepaymentBankCash18D3Long-termLiabilitiesLong-termliabilitiesdonothavetohaveinthenearfuture(i.e.longerthan1year)e.g.Bankloan,Loan:Mr.Cheung,Debentures…19D4CurrentliabilitiesCurrentliabilitiesaretobepaidinthenearfuture(i.e.within1year).e.g.：Creditors,Accruals,Bankoverdraft…Currentassets－Currentliabilities＝WorkingCapital20BalanceSheethasverticalformandhorizontalform.Theformatofverticalisasfollows:21LeungsCompanyBalanceSheetasat31December,2008$$$Non-currentassetsLandandbuilding1000Furnitures700Fixturesandfittings500Officeequipment500Machinery1000Motorvehicles500420022$$$CurrentassetsStock120Debtors1500Bank400Cash802100Less：CurrentliabilitiesDebtors1000Bankoverdraft5001500Workingcapital600480023$$$CapitalCapitalasat1January,20083000Add：Netprofit4003400Less：Drawings100Capitalasat31December,20083300Long-termLiabilitiesBankloan1000Loan－Mr.Cheung5001500480024Horizontalform（Tform）：LeungsCompanyBalanceSheetAsat31December,2006$$$$FixedassetsCapitalLandandbuildings1000Capitalasat1January,20083000Furniture700Add：Netprofit300Fixturesandfittings5003300Officeequipment500Less：Drawings100Machinery1000Capitalasat31December,20083200Motorvehicles5004200Long-termLiabilitiesCurrentassetsBankloan1000Stock120Loan-Mr.Cheung6001600Debtors1500CurrentLiabilitiesBank400Creditors1000Cash802100Bankoverdraft500150063006300