句子成分语法讲解

英语句型结构与句子成分划分句子成分的定义构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语等。主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不当疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。划分下列句子的主语：Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语：(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.(2)由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.划分下列句子的谓语成分Weappreciatewhatyouhavedoneforus.Timeandtidewaitfornoman.Mr.Brownisanexcellentengineer.Thesituationseemsquitenormalinmyopinion.ShehasbeenstudyingEnglishforscoresofyears.Weshouldbemodestandhonest.表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。划出句中表语：例如：OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.Isityours?Theweatherhasturnedcold.Thespeechisexciting.Threetimessevenistwentyone?HisjobistoteachEnglish.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.Themachinemustbeoutoforder.Timeisup.Theclassisover.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。划出句中的宾语：例如：1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.8.IthinkitinterestingtolearnEnglish.直接宾语和间接宾语•有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。eg:Givemeacupoftea,please.强调间接宾语顺序为：动词+直接宾语+to/for+间接宾语。Eg.ShowthishousetoMr.Smith.Fatherboughtanewbicycleforme.•宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。划出下列句中的宾语补足语:•HisfathernamedhimDongming.•Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.•Letthefreshairin.•Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.•Wesawherenteringtheroom.•Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.•定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。一个句子做定语就叫做定语从句.一般情况下,单个的词做定语修饰名词放于名词前,短语或句子做定语修饰名词放于名词后.定语可由以下等成分表示：•划出下列句中的定语.•Guilinisabeautifulcity.•Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.•Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.•HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.•Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.•Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.•HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.•状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作程度,方向或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：划出下列句中的状语.•Lighttravelsmostquickly.•Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.•Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.•Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.•Waitaminute.•Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.•状语种类如下：•Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）•Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）•Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（条件状语）•MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）•Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式状语）•Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）•Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的状语）•Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果状语）•Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语）•Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语）句子成分划分•1.Subject(主语)Thesunrisesintheeast.•2.Predicate.（谓语）WestudyEnglish.•3.Object（宾语）WeloveChina.•4.Predictive（表语）WeareChinese.•5.Attributive/Attribute（定语）Thisisadifficultproblem.•6.Completement(补语)Weelectedhimmonitor.•7.Adverbial（状语）Herunsfast.•8.Appositive（同位语）ThisisMissLin,myteacher.•9.Parenthesis（插入语）Tobefrank,Idon’tagreewithyou.句子的结构一、句子类型简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）构成的句子。1)简单句的类别•1.陈述句（肯定句、否定句）•2.疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意•3.祈使句•4.感叹句How+adj.(+S+V)!What+n.(+S+V)!•2)简单句的基本词序•主语谓语宾语状语••Iboughtahatyesterday.•Thechildrenranhome.•Thetaxidrivershoutedatmeangrily.•Weateourmealinsilence.•Thecarstoppedsuddenly.Ayounggirlwalkedconfidentlyonthestage.简单句的五种基本句型•1、主语+不及物动词：e.g.Wework.•2、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.•3、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.•4、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.•5、主语+系动词+表语：e.g.Heisastudent.•注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。•(2)、并列句：由两个或两个以上地位相等而又相互独立的简单句构成，两个简单句由并列连词连在一起。其结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句•1.Ihelphimandhehelpsme.•2.Hefailedmanytimesbuthewasn’tdiscouraged.•3.Wemusthurry,orweshallmissthetrain.•4.Notonlydidhewritetousbutalsohecamehereyesterday.•5.Eitherhedidn’tspeakclearlyorIdidn’thearwell.并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等连接。e.g.Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn.2、表示选择，常用or,either…or…,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.复合句：简单句中的某一个成分由一个句子来充当。名词性从句的划分是根据从句在整个主句中的位置划分的，任何一个句子位于某成分的位置上，它就构成了相应的。。。。。语的从句。•1)Whathesaidjustnowisright.•2)Hesaidthathehadseenthefilm.•3)Thisiswhyhedidn’tgotoschool.•4)Thenewsthathehaspassedtheexam