助动词与情态动词

LectureOne助动词与情态动词AuxiliaryVerbsandModalVerbs动词的分类•根据在句中的功能，动词可以分为：1.实义动词(NotionalVerbs)2.系动词(LinkVerbs)3.助动词(AuxiliaryVerbs)4.情态动词(ModalVerbs)•根据其后是否带宾语，实义动词又可分为：1.及物动词(TransitiveVerbs,Vt.)2.不及物动词(IntransitiveVerbs,Vi.)助动词（AuxiliaryVerbs)•协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（AuxiliaryVerbs）,被协助的动词称作主要动词（MainVerbs）。•Idon'tlikecoffee.•助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。•最基本的助动词有三个：be,do,have.•be,am,is,are,was,were,been,being•have,has,had,having•do,does,did助动词be,have,do的用法•助动词be主要用来构成各种进行时态和被动语态，及相应的疑问句和否定句。WhatwereyoudoingwhenIcalled?Smokingisnotallowedinthisbuilding.•助动词have主要用来构成各种完成时和完成进行时态，及相应的疑问句和否定句。•Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?•助动词do主要用来构成疑问句和否定句，以及在动词之前表示强调。•Hedoesn'tcarewhatotherpeoplethink.•Hedidknowthat.注意：•be动词除了用作助动词外，还可用作系动词，构成系表结构。•Heisadentist.•have和do除用作助动词外，还可用作及物动词。•Ihaveabrother.•Whatareyoudoing?助动词will,would,shall,should•除be,have,do外，英语中的助动词还有四个：will,would,shall,should•与be,have,do不同的是，这四个词往往有情态动词的作用，可以说是介于助动词和情态动词之间的词，甚至更接近于情态动词。本讲中将其归入情态动词部分进行讲解。情态动词（ModalVerbs）•can•could•may•might•must•oughtto•shall•should•will•would半情态动词•need•dare•beableto•haveto•hadbetter所有这些情态动词、半情态动词之后都接不带to的不定式，即动词原形。除beableto和haveto中的be和have有人称、数和时态的变化外，其它情态动词都适用于各种人称，并且没有时态变化。can,could,beableto•can可用于表能力，可能性及许可。Heisonlyfour,buthecanread.Canthisnewsbetrue?CanIsmokehere?•could可以作为can的过去式，表过去的能力，或用在间接引语中表过去的可能或许可;还可表示委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。IcouldswimwhenIwasonlysix.FathersaidIcouldswimintheriver.CouldIuseyourbike?can表能力时＝beableto,但can强调一贯的能力，beableto更强调通过努力可以达到的能力,相当于managetodosth.或succeedindoingsth.Ican’tswim.ButIamsureIwillbeabletoswimthroughmorepractice.Thefirespreadthroughthehotel,buteveryonewasabletogetout.Whentheboatsank,hewasabletoswimtothebank.may,might•may表请求、可以、允许。Youmaydrivethetractor.•MayIcomein?•Yes,please./Certainly.•No,youcan’t.•No,youmustn’t.•No,you’dbetternot.•may/might表推测,可能，might可能性更小.maybe与maybe•maybe是副词，意为“也许，大概”。它通常放在句子的开头，在句子中作状语。•Maybetheywon'tcomeheretonight.•Maybesheishappy.•maybe是情态动词may加动词原形be构成的，在句中做谓语，意为“可能是、大概是”，后接形容词、介词短语或名词作表语。•Shemaybeathome.=Maybesheisathome.Youmayberight.=Maybeyouareright.•副词maybe可单独用作答语，但maybe不能这样用。如：•A：Doyouthinkhe’llcomeback?•B：Maybe.(Maybenot.)•翻译：你的钢笔可能在你的口袋里。•他可能是个学生。•Yourpenmaybeinyourpocket.Maybeyourpenisinyourpocket.•Hemaybeastudent.Maybeheisastudent.must,havetomust表必须，必要，强调说话人的主观意愿，而haveto更强调客观需要，“不得不”。Imustcleantheroom.（主观想法）Ihavetocleantheroom.（客观需要）在回答must引起的问句时，如果是否定的答复，可用don’thaveto或needn’t(不必)，不用mustn’t。MustIgotomorrow?Yes,please./Yes,youmust.No,youneedn’t.No,youdon’thaveto.•mustbe+表语的结构，通常表示猜测，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）Hemustbeanhonestboy.Thismustbeyourroom.•haveto有第三人称单数和时态的变化。She/He/Ithasto...Theyhadto...Theywillhaveto...•haveto的否定和疑问形式必须借助于助动词do来构成。Ihavetogetupearly.Idon'thavetogetupsoearly.DoIhavetogetupsoearly?should,oughtto•否定形式shouldnot/shouldn’t,oughtnotto/oughtn’tto•疑问形式直接用should,ought提问。•你不应该抽这么多烟。Yououghtn'tto/shouldn'tsmokesomuch.•我应不应该给她写信？ShouldIwritetoher?OughtItowritetoher?•should的特殊用法•Ifinditquiteastonishingthatheshouldbesorudetoyou.•我很惊讶他竟然对你如此无礼。•Ican'tthinkwhysheshouldhavedonesuchathing.•我不明白她为什么竟然做出这样的事。•should常用在从句中表示一种感情色彩，可译为“竟然”。will和would•will,would作为助动词可以用来构成将来时态。•作为情态动词，will/would可以：1.表示意志，决心或愿望。Surelywewillsupportallthepeopleintheworldintheirstruggleforpeace.Hewouldn'tgotoseethedoctor.2.表示经常性、习惯性的行为，常译为“总是”。Shewilllistentomusicaloneinherroomforhours.HewouldcometoseemewhenhewasinBeijing.3.用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，表示对对方的请求，would的语气比will委婉。Would/willyoupleasetellmethewaytothestation?4.表猜测，“大概”，“可能”Thiswillbethebookyouarelookingfor.Shewouldbeabout60whenshedied.1.Johngetsupsetwhenhe_______understandaproblem.2.Mypenisoutofink._________youletmeuseyours?3.You'dbettertaketheumbrellawithyou;it__________rain.4.Iaskedhimforthekeys,buthe_________givethemtome.5.Herbrotherdiedsuddenly.She______beverysad.can'tWill/Wouldmay/mightwouldnotmustExercise:Fillineachblankwithamodalverb.6.—AreyoucomingtoJeff’sparty?—I’mnotsure.I_________gototheconcertinstead.7.—Willyoustayforlunch?—Sorry,I________.Mybrotheriscomingtoseeme.may/mightcan'tneed•既可以做实义动词，也可以做情态动词。•做实义动词,有人称和时态的变化：Ineedsomehelp.(needsth.)Heneedstogetsomesleep.(needtodosth.)Hishairneededcutting.(needdoing主动表被动)此时，否定和疑问都要用助动词do构成。Idon'tneedanyhelp./Doyouneedanyhelp?Hedoesn'tneedtogetanysleep./Doesheneedto...?Hishairdidn'tneedcutting./Didhishairneedcutting?•做情态动词,后接动词原形，没有人称和时态变化一般只用在否定句和疑问句中：sb.needn'tdosth.,指“不必......”•Youneedn'twaitforme.•Sheneedn'twritetohim.•Hesaidsheneedn'twritetohim.•疑问句可由need直接构成，不必借助于助动词do.•Needshewritetohim?•NeedIwaitforyou?•Yes,youmust./No,youneedn't.•肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn't.•判断下列句子对错：•Sheneedsomepaper.Sheneedssomepaper.•Needyouanyhelp?Doyouneedanyhelp?•Ineedn'tanyhelp.Idon'tneedanyhelp.•Youdon'tneedwaitforme.Youdon'tneedtowaitforme.Youneedn'twaitforme.(×)(×)(×)(×)dare敢......•既可以做实义动词，也可以做情态动词。•做情态动词，无人称变化，只用于否定句和疑问句中,后接动词原形。•Dareyougotherealone?•Idarenotgotherealone.•做实义动词，常跟不定式，daretodosth.，此时疑问和否定须借助助动词。•Hedarestospeakbeforeabigaudience.•Didhedare(to)speakbefore...•Hedoesn'tdare(to)speakbefore...•dare做实义动词时，疑问句和否定句中的不定式符号可以省略。情态动词＋havedone情态动词完成式的用法主要有两方面的含义：1.表示对已经发生的情况的推测：musthavedonecan't/couldn'thavedonemay