高考英语阅读之猜测词义

MadebyJoycecaiIfyoucomeacrossnewwordswhenreading,Whatwillyoudo?•Ignorethemandcontinuereading•LookthemupinthedictionaryChinawillseethelongestsolareclipsein500yearsonJuly21,ascientistWangsaidonSaturday.Thetotaleclipsewilllastuptosixminutes,anditisthelongesteclipsethatcanbeseeninChinainalmostyearsfrom1814to2309,”hesaid.•Guessthemeaning2011年高考大纲中关于阅读理解的要求要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：１、理解主旨要义；２、理解文中具体信息；３、根据上下文推断生词的词义；４、作出简单判断和理解；５、理解文章的基本结构；６、理解作者的意图和态度。抓主旨明细节猜词义做推断对考纲外生词的猜测ManyUnitedNationsemployeesarepolyglots:Mr.Jim,forexample,speaksfivelanguagesfluently.“polyglot”mostprobablymeans“_______________.”对考纲内熟词新义的猜测Ihadfirstknownshewaswrongthatheranxietyhadcloudedherjudgment.(04全国卷)“cloud”means“_____________________.”Thebiggestfindinginbrainresearchinthelasttenyearsisthatthebrainatanyageishighlyplastic.Ifyouaskyourbraintolearn,itwilllearn.(07四川卷)Bysaying“thebrainatanyageishighlyplastic”,thewritermeansthebraincanbe_____.A.usedB.masteredC.developedD.researched对句义的猜测词义猜测题常用的提问方式有：1.Theword“…”refersto/probablymeans/couldbestbereplacedby_______.2.Theword“…”ismostlikelytomean______.3.Whatdoyouthinktheexpression“…”standsfor?4.Theunderlinedword“…”means______.......语境法Contextclues构词法Wordformation猜测词意WordFormation构词法：英语单词大多是由词根、词头（前缀）和词尾（后缀）所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头和词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易猜测出由其构成的新词的含义了。中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：super-(超)mini-(极小的,微小的)micro-（极微小的）re-（再，反复）mis-（误，恶）im-（不）un-（不，非）in-（不，非）non-（不，非）-able（能…的）-less（不，无）-wards(向)supermanmicrowave(超人)nonnaturalmispronounce(非自然的)homelessnonsmoker(无家可归的)rebuildeastwards(重建)Canyouguesstherightmeanings?(微波)(非烟民)(发错音)(向东)(2008NMET)Withtheirshiningbrowneyes,waggingtails,andunconditionallove,dogscanprovidethenonjudgmentallistenersneededforabeginningreadertogainconfidence.unconditional:nonjudgmental:无条件的，绝对的没有判断力的1.(2010重庆卷)1.Whenhereachedtheplacewithhisarmy,hefoundanimpassableriverinfrontofhim.2.It’struethatlighthousewasbuiltinout-of-the-wayplace.3.Whenmenandwomenlivedbyhunting50,000yearsago,howcouldtheyevenbegintopicturemodernlife?Word-formation（合成形容词）（词性变化）（复合法，转化法，派生法）（词的派生）语境法猜测词义?Logicalrelations◎Apersonwhoisskilledatmakingorrepairingwoodenobjectsiscalledacarpenter.◎Hisuncleisazoologist,anexpertwhodoesresearchonanimals.◎Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.◎Weareonthenightshift---frommidnightto8a.m.---thisweek.木匠动物学家牧人夜班语境法猜测词义1.定义描述定义或释义关系常由定语从句或is,becalled，beknownas,bedefinedas等词汇或破折号来表示；或由thatis(tosay),inotherwords，toputitanotherway引出一些具体的解释性的短语解释生词小结ThoughTom’sfacehasbeenwashedquiteclean,hisneckstillremainsgrubby.Johnusuallywastesalotofmoneyonsuchuselessthings,hiswife,however,isverythrifty.污秽的节约的语境法猜测词义2.同义反义由and或or，like,as…as,thesameas等连接的两个词构成同义关系；表转折关系的词常有如but,while,however,insteadof,ratherthan,unlike,yet,otherwise,though，onthecontrary等。小结(09广东卷)“UnlikevitaminC,leadershipskillscan’tbeeasilyswalloweddown.Theymustbecarefullycultivated.”Theunderlinedwordroughlymeans____.A.encouragedB.comparedC.examinedD.developedRubbercanbemadetostretchmorethanninetimesitsnormallengthbecauseitisveryelastic.Theriverissoturbidthatitisimpossibletoseethebottomevenwhenitisshallow.弹性的混浊的语境法猜测词义3.因果关系常用关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，asaresult，so,so…that,such…thattherefore等)表示前因后果。小结(06陕西卷)Thehomelesspeoplemayhavebecomejoblessandthenbeenunabletopaytheirrentandsonolongerhavearoofovertheirheads.Inparagraph2,“aroofovertheirheads”mostprobablymeans______.A.acapB.acarC.ahomeD.acoveringCarsmusthavecertainsafetydevicessuchasseatbelt,headlights,andgoodbrakes.Onthefarmtheymainlyraisepoultry,suchaschickens,ducksandgeese,fortheireggsandmeat.家禽装置Thenewcoupleboughtalotofhouseholdappliances,suchaswashingmachine,fridgeandTVect.Folkloreincludesallthecustomes,beliefandtraditionthatpeoplehavehandeddowmfromgenerationtogeneration.家电民俗语境法猜测词义4.举例归纳常用suchas,like，forexample,forinstance等引出例子，可根据例子隶属的类别归纳出总称词即词义。小结对考纲外生词的猜测ManyUnitedNationsemployeesarepolyglots:Mr.Jim,forexample,speaksfivelanguagesfluently.“polyglot”mostprobablymeans“_______________.”通晓多种语言的◎Becausethischemicalliquidishighlyvolatile,wemustkeepitinabottlewhichhasatightlid.◎Inthestrongwind,thebeggarshiveredwiththeterriblecold.易挥发的颤抖语境法猜测词义5.生活常识小结根据自身的直接或间接的经验，或运用自己已有的常识将生词推测出来。因此平时多了解英美国家的风俗习惯，宗教信仰，社会生活等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，遇到生词，猜测词义的能力自然就提高了。EX.6Whatdoes“inthepubliceye”mean?A.公众熟悉的,出名的Tips:inpublic在公众场合thepublic大众eye眼睛GuessB.在群众的眼里C.公开的D.令人眼热的MrZhangoftenappearsinpublic.Butheisnotfamous—heisnotinthepubliceye.Janeisusuallyprompt.A．lateB．ontimeC．pleasedJaneisusuallypromptforherclasses．Janeisusuallypromptforallherclasses，butshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.adj.敏捷的,迅速的,即时的adv.准时地语境法猜测词义6.上下推断小结所谓“词不离句，句不离章“讲的就是对于词语或句子的正确理解依赖于一定的情景。猜测生词义或句意时，一定要认真读懂与生词密切相关的前后句子，进行合情合理的推测，排除肤浅的表义，选择蕴含在其中的深意。TheashesoftheGreatWallarefallingdown。IthinktheGreatwallisnowlikean80yearsoldman.Insomeplacesitisstillstanding,butreallyunlessthereissomegoodmedicine,mostofitwon’tbestandinginthenextfiftyoronehundredyears.A.Ifpeopledon’ttakemedicine,theGreatWallwillfalldown.B.TheGreatWallislikean80