高中英语必修二-Unit1-Grammar

Unit1ByLuthCulturalrelicsCulturalrelicsGrammarGrammarTheAttributiveClauseTheAttributiveClause一、定语从句的定义：用来修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词（antecedent）定语从句一般是由关系代词或关系副词来引导的。相当于名词和形容词的作用。e.g.1.DoyouknowthemanwhocametoseeXiaoYangthismorning?2.ThedayisnotfaroffwhenwewillmakeatriptoBritain.定语从句归纳总结二、关系代词和关系副词的作用：1、引导作用2、替代作用3、在定语从句中担当某个成分的作用e.g.1.Thosewhowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.2.Thisisthehousewherehewasborn.3.Bill,whowashereyesterday,askedmealotofquestions.三、关系代词（who,whom,which,that,whose）和关系副词（when,where,why)的指代关系whowhomwhosethatwhichwhenwherewhyas主语，宾语指（在定语从句中）作主语,(口语中)宾语人人人人事物事物事物时间地点原因定语宾语主语，宾语状语状语状语主语宾语人事物e.g.1.Heissuchamanwhonevertellsalie.2.Heisthemodelworkerwhom/whoweshouldlearnfrom.3.Adictionaryisabookwhichoftenhelpsustoknowthemeaningsofthewords.4.ThisisthefilmwhichIlikebest.5.Theboywhosefatherisaprofessorisoneofmybestfriends.6.Thehousewhoseroofwasblownawaybythestormwillberebuiltsoon.7.Thisisthefactorywheremyfatheronceworked.8.Thisisthereasonwhyhewaslate.四、关系代词which和that的区别：A.关系代词必须用that的情形：1、当先行词被形容词的最高级所修饰ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.2、当先行词被序数词修饰ThefirstcarthatarrivedatthedestinationwasdrivenbyJohn.3、当先行词被theonly,thevery等修饰ThisistheonlyticketthatIgotyesterday.ThisistheverybookthatI’mlookingfor.4、当先行词为不定代词时或被不定代词修饰时IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?Allthatyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.Thereisnotimethatwecanwaste.5、当先行词既指人又指物时Thecaranditsdriverthatknockeddowntheoldladyhavebeentakentothepolicestation.B.关系代词必须用which的情形：1.指物，引导词作介词的宾语时Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwe’vehadsomuchdiscussion.2.指物，从句为非限制性定语从句时Helentmeadictionary,whichwasjustwhatIneeded.3.“先行词”是整个主句（的意义）时Mr.Liisourbestfriend,whichisknowntoallofus.五、关系副词when,where,why与介词＋which的用法关系关系副词都等于一个适当的介词＋which，在从句中作状语when=in/at/on/…+which;where=in/at/on/…+which;why=for/…+which1.Doyoustillrememberthedaywhen(onwhich)wewenttovisitthemuseumtogether?2.Thisisthefactorywhere(inwhich)myfatheronceworked.3.Thisisthereasonwhy(forwhich)hewaslate.六、as引导定语从句as引导定语从句多与such和thesame连用，在从句中作主语或宾语。e.g.1.Suchpeopleasyoudescribearerarenowadays.2.Let’sdiscussonlysuchquestionsasconcerneveryoneofus.3.Wouldyoupleasebuymethesamenovelasyouboughtforbrotheryesterday,Mum?比较：SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMarry’swedding.SheworethesamedressassheworeatMarry’swedding.注：Thesame…as意为“与一样的”；而thesame…that意为“同一物”（她穿着在玛丽的婚礼上穿的衣服。）（她穿着在玛丽的婚礼上穿的同样衣服。）七、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1．限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。e.g.1.Whatisthenameofthetallwomanwhoisstandingthere?站在那边的那个女人叫什么名字?2.Torontoisacity(that)I'vealwayswantedtovisit.多伦多是我常想去参观的一个城市。3.Thewoman(that/whom/who)Ispoketojustnowisournewhead.刚才和她说话的那位是我们新来的负责人。4.October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeople'sRepublicofChinawasfounded.1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。2.非限制性定语从句和主句关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that引导。非限制性定语从句中，关系词不可省略。e.g.1.Rome,whichisthecapitalofItaly,hasaverylonghistory.意大利的首都罗马历史非常悠久。2.YesterdayImetProfessorKing,whocamefromtheUniversityofLondon.昨天我遇见金教授，他从伦敦大学来的。3.Helentmeadictionary,whichwasjustwhatIneeded.他借给我一本词典，这正是我所需要的。3.大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊场合非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由which引导.e.g.1.Amiddle-agedwomankilledherhusband,whichfrightenedmeverymuch.一个中年女子杀害了其丈夫，这事令我十分恐惧。析：从语境可知，令我恐惧的内容应为中年女子杀害了其丈夫这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由which引导定语从句。e.g.2.Afive-year-oldboycanspeaktwoforeignlanguages,whichsurprisesallthepeoplepresent.一个五岁的男孩会讲两门外语，令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。析：从语境可知，令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由which引导非限制性定语从句。4.关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替whom，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who来代替。e.g.1.Thisisthegirlwhom(who)Imetinthestreet.这是我在街上遇到的女孩。先行词thegirl在限制性定语从句中作宾语，可用who代替whom。2.Ayoungmanhadanewgirlfriend,whomhewantedtoimpress.一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻印象。先行词anewgirlfriend在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，不可用who代替whom。5.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句在意义上的区别：a)Shehastwobrotherswhoareworkinginthecity.（Shehasmorethantwobrothers.）她有两个弟弟在这个城市工作。b)Shehastwobrothers,whoareworkinginthecity.（Shehasonlytwobrothers.）她有两个弟弟，他们在这个城市工作下面两个句子只有一个逗号之差，意义大相径庭。a.Hewillwearnoclotheswhichwillmakehimdifferentfromothers.他不会穿一些使他显得与众不同的衣服。b.Hewillwearnoclothes,whichwillmakehimdifferentfromothers.他不穿衣服，这会使他显得与众不同。八、先行词是整个主句的意义时，从句由as引导和由which引导的区别当先行词是整个主句的意义时，从句可由as或which引导。两者的不同在于：1）as引导的从句可放于句首，也可以放于句末；而which引导的从句只能放于句末。2）as引导的从句，总是表达“就像…一样”或“正如…一样”的意义;而which引导的从句要依语句意义理解。e.g.1.TaiwanbelongstoChina,which/asisknowntoall.台湾是中国的，这谁都知道。正如大家所知，台湾是中国的。2.Asisknowntoall,TaiwanbelongstoChina.正如（就像）大家所知，台湾是中国的。3.Wewillhaveasportsmeetingnextweek,whichiswhatweexpected.下周我们要开运动会，这正是我们所期待的。九、注意事项：1、关系代词和关系副词在定从中的不同成分a、Thisistheplacewhere(inwhich)heworks.Thisistheplacewhich(that)wevisitedlastyear.b、Doyoustillrememberthedayswhenweworkedtogether?Doyoustillrememberthedaysthat(which)wespenttogether?c、Thisisthereasonwhyhewent.Thereasonthat(which)hegaveuswasquitereasonable.2、关系代词放在介词后面，只能用which或whom1)a.Thisistheboywithwhomheworked.b.Thisistheboywhomheworkedwith.c.Thisistheboywhoheworkedwith.d.Thisistheboyheworkedwith.2)a.Thehousewhereweliveisnotlarge.b.Thehouseinwhichweliveisnotlarge.c.Thehousewhichweliveinisnotlarge.d.Thehouseweliveinisn