选修6 unit5 语法

Unit5ThepowerofnatureGrammar现在分词作状语高二人教新课标版选修六一.功能现在分词作状语往往和逻辑主语之间存在主动关系。现在分词作状语，常常用来表示原因、时间、方式、结果、条件、伴随状况等。1.作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句。Walkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.=WhenIwaswalkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.2.作原因状语相当于一个原因状语从句，同时也可以转化为一个原因状语从句。NotknowingEnglish,hecouldn’tunderstandthefilm.3.作伴随/方式状语，表示一个次要的动作。Hesattherereadingabook.Laughingandtalking,thestudentswenttoschool.Hecamerunning.(方式）4.作结果状语表示必然的结果，通常放在主句后面中间用逗号隔开，有时为了突出结果，分词前加thus。Herhusbanddied,leavingherfourchildren.5.作让步状语，相当于一个让步状语从句Havingtriedmanytimes,hestillcouldn’tsucceed.尽管尝试了多次，但他仍未成功。Workingveryhard,hedidn’tfeelabittired.尽管拼命地工作，他却丝毫不感到疲劳。6.作条件状语，表示一种假设情况，相当于一个条件状语从句。Usingyourhead,youwillfindaway.(=Ifyouuseyourhead,youwillfindaway.)7.作评论性状语（悬垂结构）作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度，观点等。generallyspeaking一般说来strictlyspeaking严格地说franklyspeaking坦率地说语态时态主动语态被动语态一般式完成式(not)doing(not)beingdone(not)havingdone(not)havingbeendone二、现在分词的各种形式1.分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果不一致,必须用独立主格结构来表示,也就是在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语。Findinghercarstolen,shehurriedtoapolicemanforhelp.Thetrainhavinggone,wehadtowaitanotherday.分析:前一例中,-ing形式的逻辑主语为主句的主语。后一例中havinggone的逻辑主语是thetrain。三、使用-ing形式作状语需注意的几个问题判断正误Openingthewindow,abutterflyflewintomystudy.Openingthewindow,Isawabutterflyflyingintomystudy.Standingontopofthetower,thewholecitycomesintoourview.Standingontopofthetower,wecangetaviewofthewholecity.[正][误][误][正]一般来说,-ing形式表示主动、进行;过去分词表示被动、完成。试比较:Theenemyfledinapanic,leavingbehindalotofdeadbodiesandweapons.Defeatedandfrightened,theenemyfledinapanic.2.现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别分析:前一例中的-ing形式短语在句子中作伴随状语,它与其逻辑主语theenemy之间为主动关系;后一句中的过去分词defeated和frightened表原因,它与其逻辑主语theenemy之间为被动关系。3.分词短语做状语时,前面可以加上连词或介词,但是分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词(如but,and),因为并列连词接的是两个并列成分,而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分,分词和主句之间可用逗号。Eg.正：Whenseeingfromthetopofthehill,youcanenjoythewholebeautyofthiscity.误:Havingbeentoldmanytimes,buthestillcouldn’tunderstandit.4.-ing分词的一般式和完成式一般情况下，-ing分词的一般式的动作表示和后面句子的动作是同时进行的动作；完成式的动作是先于后面句子的动作发生。如：Beingastudent,hewasinterestedinbooks.Nothavingstudiedhislessonsveryhard,hefailedtheexaminations.注意：在实际运用中，很多时候-ing的一般式和完成式现在分词都可以表示先后接连发生的动作。但如果-ing的动作和主句的谓语动词之间存在明显的时间上的先后关系，而且句意强调完成，为避免引起误解，必须用完成式表示先发生的动作。如:Havingbrushedhisteeth,Mr.Browncamedownstairsforbreakfast.布朗先生刷过牙,就下楼来吃早饭。(此句如写成:Brushinghisteeth,Mr.Browncamedownstairsforbreakfast.意为边刷牙,边下楼)Notfearingthefire,thechildtouchedandgotafingerburnt.Notknowinghowtofindthesubway,Iaskedapolicemanforhelp.5.分词的否定形式是在其前面加上not.如:牛刀小试一.将两个句子组合成一个动词-ing形式的句子。1.Alicesawavolcanoeruptinginthemorning.Shefeltexcitedandcouldn’tfallasleepatnight.Havingseenavolcanoeruptioninthemorning,Alicefeltexcitedandcouldn’tfallasleepatnight.2.Iknewthesightisimpressiveonthetopofthemountain.Imadeanefforttoclimbontoit.Knowingthesightwasimpressiveonthetopofthemountain,Imadeanefforttoclimbontoit.3.Thenewbookofthefamousnovelistwasveryboring.Itdidn’tbecomepopularamongyoungpeople.Beingveryboring,thenewbookofthefamousnovelistdidn’tbecomepopularamongyoungpeople.每空填一词,使该句与所给句子的意思相同。1.Becausehewasill,hedidn’tgotoschool.__________,hedidn’tgotoschool.2.Whenshewaswalkingalongthestreetoneday,shemetanoldfriendofhers.______________thestreetoneday,shemetanoldfriendofhers.3.Whenautumncomes,swallowsgotothesouth.________________,swallowsgotothesouth.BeingillWalkingalongAutumncoming4.Ifitissunny,we’llgoforapicnictomorrow._____________,we’llgoforapicnictomorrow.5.Aftershehadfinishedherhomework,thelittlegirlbegantowatchTV.______________herhomework,thelittlegirlbegantowatchTV.6.Becausetheyhadbeenwarnedbytheteacher,theydidn’tmakesuchmistakes.____________________bytheteacher,theydidn’tmakesuchmistakes.ItbeingsunnyHavingfinishedHavingbeenwarned7.Asitwasaholiday,alltheshopswereshut.__________________,alltheshopswereshut.8.IfIhadbeengivenalongertime,Icouldhavedoneitbetterthanplanned.___________________alongertime,Icouldhavedoneitbetterthanplanned.9.AfterIgothome,Ifoundmybooksmissing.__________________,Ifoundmybooksmissing.HavinggothomeHavingbeengivenItbeingaholiday三.单项选择(1)Theysetout____forthe____boy.A.searching;losingB.searching;lostC.tosearch;lostD.searched;losing(2)Thestudentsatthere,____whattodo.A.doesn’tknowingB.didn’tknowingC.notknowD.notknowingBD(3)Hesatthere_____,withhisheadonhishand.A.andthinkB.thinkingC.thoughtD.beingthought(4)The____PrimeMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwithhistalks,___thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.A.visiting;addB.visited;addingC.visiting;addingD.visited;addedBC1.Sitdown,Emma.youwillonlymakeyourselfmoretired,_____onyourfeet.A.tokeepB.keepingC.havingkeptD.tohavekept2.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,______itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.makesC.madeD.tomakeBA四高考链接3.“Can’tyouread?”Marysaid_______tothenotice.A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointD.andangrilypointing4.Thestormleft,____alotofdamagetothisarea.(NEMT2005)A.causedB.tohavecausedC.tocauseD.havingcausedAD5.____areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived6.______histelephonenumber,shehadsomedifficultygettingintouchwithBill.A.NotknowingB.knowingnotC.NothavingknownD.Having