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大家请注意:笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的,这些是绝对的基础,应该一字不漏的背下来。其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总,再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。区分两个词的区别,主要还是指明其各自的定义。第一章BasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary1.词的定义Word——Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.2.声音与意义的关系Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningasthesymbolicconnectionbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.E.g.“woman”means’Frau’inGerman,’Femme’inFrenchand’Funv’inChinese.Ontheotherhand,thesamesound/rait/canmeanright,riteandwrite,thoughdenotingdifferentthings,yethavethesamesound.3.读音与拼写不一致的原因Thedifferencebetweensoundandformresultfrom4majorfactors.(Atleast80%oftheEnglishwordsfitconsistentspellingpatterns)a).theinternalreasonisEnglishalphabetdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguage.b).Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingc).Influenceoftheworkofscribes/printingfreezesthespellingofwordsin1500d).Borrowingofforeignlanguage4.词汇的含义Vocabulary——Vocabularyismostcommonlyusedtorefertothesumtotalofallthewordsofalanguage.Itcanalsorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivendisplineandallthewordspossessedbyanindividualpersonaswellasallthewordscurrentinaparticularperiodoftimeinhistory.ThegeneralestimateofthepresentdayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords.5.词汇的分类的原则ClassificationofWords—byusefrequency,bynotion,byorigintheEnglishvocabularyconsistofwordsofallkinds.theycanbeclassifiedbydifferentcriteriaandfordifferentpurpose.wordsmayfallintothewordstockandnonbasicvocabularybyusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion,andintonativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin.基本词汇的特点1).Basicwordstock–thefoundationofthevocabulary.1.allnationalcharacter(mostimportant)–naturalphenomenamostcommonthingsandphenomenaofthehumanbodyandrelationsworldaroundusnamesofplantsandanimalsaction,size,domain,statenumerals,pronouns,prep.,conj.2.stability–theydonatethecommonestthingnecessarytolife,theyareliketoremainunchanged.Onlyrelative,someareundergoingsomechanges.Butthechangeisslow.e.g.arrow,bow,chariot,knight–pastelectricity,machine,car,plane——now3.productivity–theyaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords,theycanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.e.g.foot–football,footage,footpath,footer4.polysemy–oftenpossessmorethanonemeaning.Becomepolysemous.e.g.taketomoveorcarryfromoneplacetoanothertoremove5.collocability–quiteanumberofsetexpressions,idiomaticusages,proverbialsayingandothers基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.thoughwordsofthebasicwordstockconstituteasmallpercentageoftheEnglishvocabulary,yetitisthemostimportantpartofit.e.g.heart–achangeofheart,aheartofgoldNon-basicvocabulary——(例子)1.terminology–technicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareasasinmedicinephotoscanning,hepatitis,indigestion,penicillin,algebra,trigonometry,calculus2.jargon–specializedvocabularyincertainprofessions.Bottomline,ballparkfigures,bargainingchips,holdhimback,holdhimin,paranoid3.slang——substandardwordsoftenusedininformaloccasionsdoughandbread,grassandpot,beaver,smoky,bear,catch,holler,Roger,X-rays,Certainwordsarelabeledslangbecauseoftheirusage.4.argot–wordsusedbysub-culturedgroupscan-opener,dip,persuadercant,jargon,argotareassociatedwith,ormostavailableto,specificgroupsofthepopulation.5.dialectalwords–onlybyspeakersofthedialectbeauty,chook,cocky,station,auld,build,coo,hame,lough,bog6.archaisms–wordsnolongerincommonuseorrestrictedinuse.Inolderpoems,legaldocumentandreligiouswritingorspeech.7.neologism–newlycreatedwordswithnewmeaninge.g.microelectronics,futurology,AIDS,internet,E-mailoldmeaningacquirednewmeaninge.g.mouse,monitor2).Contentword(notionalword)–denoteclearnotions.Functionalword(emptyword,formword)–donothavenotionsoftheirown,expresstherelationbetweennotions,wordsandsentences.a.ContentwordsconstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabularyarenumerous.Functionalwordsareinasmallnumber.b.Contentwordsaregrowing.Functionalwordsremainstable.c.Functionalwordsdofarmoreworkofexpressionthancontentwords.3).Nativewords–arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe15centurybytheGermantribes.Ango-SaxonWords,50,000-60,000Whatistrueofthebasicwordstockisalsotrueofnativeworld.Moreare1.neutralinstyle(notstylisticalspecific)2.2.frequentinuse(inacademicfieldsandscienceFrench,LatinorGreekareused)(usage70-90%)Borrowedwords(loanwords,borrowing)–wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguage.80%本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Nativewordsformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage.therefore,whatistrueofthebasicwordstockisalsotrueofnativewords.Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing,wecanbringtheloanwordsunder4classes.1.Denizens–wordsborrowedearlyandnowarewellassimilatedintoEnglishlanguage.e.g.portfromportus(L)shift,change,shirt,porkcupfromcuppa(L)2.Aliens–retainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspellinge.g.décor(F)blitzkreeg(G)emir,intermez,rowtow,bazaar,rajar,statusquo3.translationloans–formedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.1).Wordtranslatedaccordingtothemeaninge.g.mothertoughfromlingua
本文标题:英语词汇学总结复习资料
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