浏览该文件-proverbs,idiomsands

Proverbs,IdiomsandSayingsDefinitionofProverbSayingsomethingwilloften,orevennormally,producecertainconsequentialeffectsuponthefeelings,thoughts,oractionsoftheaudience,orofthespeaker,orofotherpurposeofproducingthem…Weshallcalltheperformanceofanactofthiskindtheperformanceofaperlocutionaryact.ProverbsandcultureInorderthatEnglishproverbsmaybeutilizedinanappropriatefashionbyChinesespeakersofEnglishitisimportantthatthenon-nativespeakerunderstandtheculturalfoundationbehindthephonological,lexical,andsyntacticstructureofsuchutterances.DirectiveandNon-directiveProverbs(指令性的和非指令性的谚语)DirectiveactisdescribedbyBachandHarnishas“theactthatexpressthespeaker’sattitudetowardsomeprospectiveactionbythehearerandhisintentionthathisutterance,ortheattitudeitexpress,betakenasareasonforthehearer’saction.”DirectiveandNon-directiveProverbsNon-directive:theactthatexpressthespeaker’sbeliefandhisintentionordesirethatthehearerhaveorformalikebelief.Non-directivescanbefurtherclassifiedintothreecategoriesbasedoncontentorsyntacticform:MoralAphorisms,Homilies,andAphoristicSentences.(非指令性的谚语可以分为有道德寓意的警句、基于常识的格言以及句子结构不完整的警句式的句子)ThemainfeaturesofChineseproverbs1.theimmensenumber:foralmostallconceivablesituations2.thedistinctiveChinesequality3.thenumberreflectingsocialinequalitiesandthefeelingsofthosedeprivedandoppressed.4.theinfluenceofBuddhismonChinesecustomsandthinking5.focusonsocialharmony,orbrotherhood.中英文谚语相似的指令性谚语1.三思而后行Lookbeforeyouleap---WhiletheEnglishproverbisorientedtowardphysicalaction,“leap”and“look”,constitutingthree-dimensionalimagery,theChinesesayingismathematicallylinear:“thrice”andnon-physical:“think”,amorestaticimagery.2.教不严师之惰（玉不琢不成器）SparetherodandspoilthechildTheoldestversionofthisproverbisintheOldTestamentoftheBible(Proverbs23:34):“Hethatsparethhisrodhatethhisson;buthethatlovethhimchastenthhimbetimes.”SamuelButlerwrotethefollowingcouplet:“Loveisaboybypoetsstyled;/Thensparetherod,andspoilthechild.”3.夜长梦多Don’tcountyourchickensbeforetheyarehatched.4.孤注一掷Don’tputallyoureggsinonebasket5.打草惊蛇Letsleepingdogslie.6.今日事今日毕Don’tputoffuntiltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday.非指令性谚语1.物以类聚Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.1．绣花枕头Beautyisonlyskindeep.2．近朱者赤近墨者黑Cleanlinessisnexttogodliness(Redisnexttoscarlet)3．金玉其外败絮其中Allthatglittersisnotgold.4．忠厚传家久Charitybeginsathome.5．与人方便自己方便Peoplewholiveinglasshousesshouldn’tthrowstones6．与人方便自己方便Peoplewholiveinglasshousesshouldn’tthrowstones7有胜于无Betterlatethannever.8．人多好办事Manyhandsmakelightwork.9．这山望着那山高。Thegrassisalwaysgreenerontheothersideofthefence.10．欲速则不达Hastemakeswaste.11．未雨绸缪Astitchintimesavesnine.12．生米煮成熟饭It’sfoolishtocryoverspiltmilk.13．新官上任三把火Anewbroomsweepsclean.14．亲戚远来香邻居高打墙Absencemakestheheartfonder.15．雷声大雨点小Abarkingdogseldombites.16．气宽寿长Anappleadaykeepsthedoctoraway.17．纸包不住火Wherethere’ssmoke,there’sfire.18．不怕慢只怕站不怕站只怕转Arollingstonegathersnomoss.19．省了盐酸了酱Pennywise,poundfoolish.英汉谚语表面相似的例如：1.gildingthelily≠锦上添花TheEnglishproverbimpliessth.alreadyfine,goodorbeautifulbyaddingsthinanattempttomakeitbetter.2挂羊头卖狗肉≠hangupasheep’sheadandselldog-meat.Trytopalmoffsth.inferiortowhatitpurportstobe.IdiomsOfallthedifferentkindsofEnglishidioms,perhapsthehardesttolearnarethosecomprisingthefortyorsomostcommonverbsinvariouscombinationswithaboutadozenprepositionsoradverbslikeup,down,in,out,on,off.Thedifferentmeaningsofsuchcombinationsamounttoseveralhundred,andtheconfusionthattheycauseforthelearnerisimmense.Beforehegetsthehangofhowtousethemhe’llmakealotofmistakes.Somemistakeswillcausepeopletoholdtheirsideswithlaughter,butthatshouldn’tputhiminastew.Heshouldlearntoputupwithsuchthings.Youmightsaythat’spartofthegame.受历史文化影响形成的习语1.航海与美国早期文化Allaboard!请大家上船/上车！runafoulof与…相撞，与…缠绕/与…相抵触；与…发生纠葛backandfill船顺流而下时不断调整风帆，使船蜿蜒前行/不断改变立场，朝三暮四burnone’sboats自断退路inthesameboat处于同样的命运中incommission（船舰）服现役的/可以运转的outofcommission（船舰）推出现役的/损坏的hailfrom（船）来自…./（人）来自…takeinsail卷缩风蓬/抑制雄心；减少活动smoothsailing一帆风顺；轻而易举的事情turnatide（船）逆流而上/反潮流；反抗indeepwaters在困境中inroughwater灾难重重；处于混乱状态pouroilontroubledwaters平息风波/平息怒气由大海和航行引申出来的词组有：floatingcapital流动资产floatingmoney游资floatingcargo未到货floatingpopulation流动人口floatingfund浮游资金floatingsupply浮动库存floatinggoods过境货物，在途货物floatingtrade海上贸易floatingisland浮岛，蛋白（蛋羹）floatingvoter无党派投票人floatingloan流动贷款2.牛仔用语及其引申含义tenderfoot（西部荒凉地区的）新来者，尚无经验的人horsesense粗浅但实用的知识；常识bitethedust受伤倒下；失败；完蛋；（机器）失灵；蒙受耻辱3.伐木工用语及其引申含义：skidroad（伐木场的）横木滑道；引申为低级酒吧、廉价客店ontheskid待出发的；在下坡路4.矿工用语及其引申含义：panout（在淘洗沙砾过程中）淘出金子；成功stakeaclaim（在矿区）立界桩标明土地所有权；确定自己对某样东西的权利claimjumper强夺他人采矿者；强夺他人土地等所有权者makeastake赚钱；发财grubstake（以分享探得的矿藏为条件提供给探矿者的）装备；物质援助；贷款