unit-1-M5U1Grammar-and-usage

GrammarandusageUnit1GettingalongwithothersTorecognizethebasicformsof“toinfinitive”and“bareinfinitive”Tolearnhowtouse“toinfinitive”and“bareinfinitive”indifferentsituationsTolearnhowtousethe“verb-ing”formasanouninvarioussituations★Toinfinitive★Bareinfinitive★Verb-ingformasanounTomakefriends,whichwayofcommunicationdoyouprefer,chattingonlineortalkingfacetoface?Why?FreetalkFilltheblanksCompletethepassageusingthewordsinbrackets.Changetheformwherenecessary.OneteenagegirlintheUK,Sarah,regretted(chat)onlineafterheronlinefriendturnedouttobeaboyfromherclassplayingajokeonher.Sarahsaidthatshewanted_______(make)somenewfriends,sosheenteredanInternetchatroom.chattingtomakeSheremembered___________(discuss)musicwithagirl,whocalledherselfJoanne.Thetwometupofteninthechatroom,andaftersometime,Joannewanted________(meet)Sarahinreallife.Sarahfeltnervousandexcitedonthebusjourney_______(see)hernewfriend.discussingtomeettoseeWhenshearrived,shewasshocked_________(discover)thathernewfriendwasaboyandthatshealreadyknewhim.Sarahfeltlike_______(cry)whenshefoundoutthatshehadbeenchattingonlinewithaboycalledJoefromherclass.Joeexplainedthathedidnotmean_______(hurt)Sarah.Hejustwantedtoplayajokeonher.todiscovercryingtohurt1…regrettedchatting…2…wantedtomake…3…remembereddiscussing…4…wantedtomeet…5…tosee…6…wasshockedtodiscover…7…feltlikecrying…8…meantohurt…Formoftheverb不定式To-infinitive动名词Gerund1…regrettedchatting…2...remembereddiscussing…3…feltlikecrying4…wantedtomake…5…wantedtomeet…6…tosee…7…wasshockedtodiscover…8...meantohurt动名词Gerund不定式Infinitiven.主/表/宾/定v.ingform主/表/宾/定/补/状n.adj.adv.v.to+thebaseformofaverb不定式和动名词的时态和语态时态不定式的时态和语态主动被动一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing无Hepretendedtobeworkinghardwhenhisbosspassedhim.I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.老板经过他时,他假装正在卖力的工作。对不起让你久等了。时态动名词的时态和语态doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone主动被动一般式完成式Thankyouforhavinghelpedmesomuch.Beforebeingused,themachinemustbechecked.感谢你帮我这么多忙。在使用之前该药物必须要被检验。不定式是非谓语动词常见的一种形式，通常由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定形式为“notto+动词原形”，在句中可以做主语、宾语、宾语(主语)补足语、定语、表语或状语等。Toinfinitive（动词）不定式1.‘toinfinitive’usedasthesubject不定式(短语)作主语eg.Toobeylawiseveryone'sduty.遵纪守法是每个人的职责。Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。Totalkwithyourmouthfullisrude.满嘴食物地讲话是不礼貌的。Itisimpossibletofinishtheworkinsuchashorttime.在如此短的时间内完成这项工作是不可能的。ItisusefulforyoutolearnsomespokenEnglish.学习一些口语对你来说是有用的。2.‘toinfinitive’usedastheobject不定式(短语)作宾语eg.Hemanagedtosolvetheproblembyhimself.他自己设法解决了问题。Iliketoreadnewspaperarticlesaboutsports.我喜欢读一些体育方面的新闻报道。Amywantstoknowmoreaboutthefilm.安米想知道更多的关于这部电影的情况。want,hope,wish,like,begin,start,agree,learn,mean,teach,refuse,help,arrange,dare,decide,determine,fail,manage,offer,prepare,pretend,continue,ask,promise,expect,choose,preferThefollowingwordsareusuallyfollowedby‘toinfinitive’astheobject:3.‘toinfinitive’usedastheobjectcomplement不定式(短语)作宾语补足语eg.I'dlikeyoutokeepeverythingtidy.我希望你能使每样东西都保持整洁。Theteacheraskedustofinishtheworktoday.老师要我们今天完成工作。TellJacktoclosethewindow,please.请让杰克关上窗户。动词make,let,have,hear,see,feel,watch,notice和observe后的宾语补足语，要省去to。eg.Theysawtheboyfallsuddenlyfromthetree.他们看见那小男孩突然从树上跌下来。Thebossmadetheworkerswork14hoursaday.老板让工人们每天工作14小时。4.“toinfinitive”usedastheattributive不定式(短语)作定语eg.Ihavealotofworktodo.我有许多工作要做。Ihavenoonetotalkto.我没有一个可以交谈的人。Heislookingforahousetolivein.他正在找房子住。5.‘toinfinitive’usedasthepredicative不定式(短语)作表语eg.Mywishistobeadoctor.我的愿望是成为一名医生。Ourplanistofinishtheworkintwoweeks.我们的计划是两周内完成这项工作。WhatIneedmostnowistohaveagoodrest.我现在最需要的是好好休息。6.‘toinfinitive’usedastheadverbialofasentencetoshowreason,purposeorresult不定式(短语)作句子状语eg.Hecameheretoattendanimportantmeeting.(purpose)他来这儿参加一个重要的会议。（目的）Samwasverysurprisedtohearthenews.(reason)萨姆听到这个消息很吃惊。（原因）HewenthometofindhisoldfriendGeorgewaitingforhim.(result)他到家发现他的老朋友乔治在等他。(结果）Whenweuse“toinfinitive”astheresultadverbial,itmeanstheresultisunexpectedorsurprising.eg.Hehurriedtotherailstation,onlytofindthetrainhadleft.7.thecontinuousandperfectformsof‘toinfinitive’不定式的进行式和完成式eg.Sheseemedtohaveheardofitalready.她似乎已经听说过这件事了。Whentheteachercamein,thestudentspretendedtobereadingloudly.当老师进来时，同学们假装正在大声读书。make,have,letwatch,hear,feel,see,noticewouldrather,hadbetter,whynotsb.do+1.weusethebareinfinitiveafter:+Bareinfinitive(省略to的不定式)sb.beseenwatchedlookedatheardlistenedtofeltnoticed+todomadelet主动变被动，to要还原2.Whentwoinfinitivesarejoinedbyand,or,except,but,than,ratherthan,wenormallyusethebareinfinitiveforthesecondinfinitive.Shetoldmetobecheerfulandlookonthebrightside.WehadnothingtodobutwatchTV.3.Verbsofperceptioncanalsobeusedwithdoing(sth.)butwithdifferentmeanings.Isawhertalktohernewfriends.我看到她和她的新朋友谈话。(我目睹了整个谈话过程。)Isawhertalkingtohernewfriends.我看到她正在和她的新朋友谈话。(当我看到的时候，她正在谈话。但我可能没看到整个过程。)Verb-ingformasanoun1.Verb-ingformusedasthesubjectofasentenceeg.Layingeggsistheantqueen'sfull-timejob.产卵是蚁后的专职工作。Itisnousearguingwithhim.与他争辩没用。Herswimminghasimprovedsinceshestartedtrainingeveryday.自从她开始训练以后，她的游泳进步的很快。2.Verb-ingformusedastheobjectofasentenceeg.Ilikeswimming.我喜欢游泳。Hehasfinishedwritingthecomposition.他已经写好了作文。Helovesplayingfootball.他喜欢踢足球。admit,dislike,ima