6 Sigma GlossaryMaster

Glossary4-Block……………………………aerror……………………………arisk………………………………Accuracy…………………………Active(opportunityordefect)…AdvocacyTeam…………………AlternateHypothesis…………ANOVA……………………………ANOVAmethod(GaugeR&R)…Assignablecausevariation……AttributeChart…………………Attributedata……………………Average………………………Graphicaltooltoshowtherelationshipbetweenprocesscapability,control&technology.Theerrormadeifdifferenceisclaimed,whentherealityissameness(e.g.rejectinggoodparts;Producer’sRisk).Therisk(probability)ofmakinganaerror(frequentlysetat5%).Howclosemeasurementsare,onaverage,totheirtarget.Anopportunityordefectthatisbeingmeasured(adefectwearelookingfor).ThegroupofpeoplewhohaveastakeintheSixSigmaproject,includingthosewhomustkeepitincontrol.SeeHaAnalysisofVariance.Astatisticalmethodofquantifyingcontributionsofdiscretelevelsof“X”stothevariationina“Y”response.AMinitabselectionforGaugeR&Rthatincludesoperator-partinteractioninthecalculationofvariationcontributions.ThemostaccuratemethodforGaugeR&R.Removablevariationinaprocess;variationduetooutsideinfluences.See‘BlackNoise’.StatisticalProcessControl(SPC)chartfordiscretedata.Includesp,np,canducharts.Datathatcanbedescribedbylevels,integervaluesorcategoriesonly.SeeDiscretedata.Thesumofalldatainasampledividedbythenumberofdatapointsinthesample.SeeMean.berror……………………………brisk……………………………Baselining………………………Benchmarking……………………BlackBelt………………………BlackNoise………………………Boxplot…………………………Brainstorming……………………Centring…………………………CentringofXvariables…………CentralLimitTheorem…………Theerrormadeifsamenessisclaimed,whentherealityisdifference(e.g.acceptingbadparts-Consumer’sRisk).Therisk(probability)ofmakingabetaerror(frequentlysetat10%).Evaluatingthecapabilityofaprocessasitstandstoday,without“tweaking”-i.e.passiveobservation.Evaluatingthecapabilityofsimilarprocessestoquantifywhatconstitutes‘theBest’.ApersonwhosefulltimejobconsistsofapplicationofSixSigmatools/methodsonprojects.Processvariationdueto‘outsideinfluences’.SeeAssignableCauseVariation.Graphshowingtheportionofadistributionbetweenthefirstandthirdpercentileswithina‘box’.Theboxplotalsoshowsthemedianofthedistributionandtheextremevalues.Oftenusedtocomparepopulation.AtechniqueusedbyanAdvocacyTeamto,fore.g.,developalistofpotentialX’satthebeginningofproject.Aprocesscharacteristicdescribinghowwellthemeanofthesamplecorrespondstothetargetvalue.AmethodusedtotransformXvariablesinDoE’sthatdevelophigherorder(quadratic)models;reducescorrelationbetweenX’s.Afundamentalstatisticaltheoremstatingthatthedistributionofaveragesofacharacteristictendstobenormal,evenwhentheparentpopulationishighlynon-normal.CentralCompositeDesign……Champion…………………………ChampionReview………………Chi-Squaredtest…………………ClassicalYield……………………CommonCauseVariation………ComponentsSearch……………Confidence………………………ConfidenceInterval………………Consumer…………………………ContinuousData…………………ADesignofExperiments(DoE)methodwhereeachXistestedat5levels(see‘StarPoints’).ACCDprovidesthecapabilitytomodelaprocesswithaquadraticequationORalinearequation.Typicallyadirector-someonewhocansupporttheSixSigmaprojectandhastheauthoritytoremovebarriersandprovideresources.TakesanactivepartinProjectReview.AregularmeetingtopresentSixSigmaprojects,shareexperiencesandremoveroadblocks.Hypothesistestfordiscretedata.Evaluatestheprobabilitythatcountsindifferentcellsaredependentononeanother,ortestsGoodnessofFittosomeaprioriprobabilitydistribution.See“FirstPassYield”.GoodunitsproduceddividedbyTotalUnitsProduced.See“WhiteNoise”.Theinherentvariationofaprocess,freefromexternalinfluences.Usuallymeasuredoverashorttimeperiod.AmethodofscreeningforVitalFewX’sinmanufacturedassemblies.Alsoknownas‘PartSwapping’.Thecomplementofalpharisk.Confidence=1-a.Arangeofplausiblevaluesforapopulationparameter,suchasmeanorstandarddeviation.Theenduserofaproduct(thehomeowner,fore.g.).Theconsumerisexternaltothebusiness.Datathatcanbemeaningfullybrokendownintosmallerandsmallerincrements-e.g.length,temperatureetc.)ContourPlot…………………ControlLimits………………CostofQuality………………Cp……………………………Cpk……………………………CQ……………………………CTQ…………………………CubePlot……………………Customer……………………DataWindow…………………Defect…………………………DependentVariable…………AgraphusedtoanalyzeexperimentsofaCentralCompositeDesign.TwoX’scomprisetheaxes,andlevelsofconstantYareshowninthebodyofgraph.Resemblesatopographicalmap.LinesonaStatisticalProcessControl(SPC)chartthatrepresentdecisioncriteriafortakingactionontheprocess.Linesaredrawn+/-3standarddeviations(s)fromthemean.Afinancialreconciliationofallthecostsassociatedwithdefects(scrap,rework,concessionsetc.)StatisticusedtomeasureProcessCapability.Assumesdataiscentredontarget.SimilarinconcepttoZ.stStatisticusedtomeasureProcessPerformance.Doesnotassumecentreddata.SimilarinconcepttoZ.ltCommercialQuality.Usedtocategorizenon-manufacturingprojectsthatimpacttheconsumerand/orcustomer.Critical-to-Qualitycharacteristic.Anaspectoftheproductorservicethatisimportanttothecustomer/consumer.Agraphusedforanalysisoftheresultsofafactorialdesignedexperiment(DoE).Showstestconditionsthatoptimizetheresponse.Therecipientoftheoutputofaprocess.Maybeinternal(e.g.Assemblyis