培根《论读书》赏析

OfStudy“Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritingan______man.”--FrancisBaconexact阅读使人充实，交谈使人机智，写作使人精确。--培根培根的OfStudy一文，写于四百年前。在今天的英国，此文当属古典文论，其用语不仅典雅，而且古奥，甚至玄秘。四百年前的语言，既便是当时通俗透顶的平民口语，在今人听来，亦充满“古色古香”之感。培根是四百年前英国的哲人名士，学富五车，文震朝野，其散论札记当时亦属上乘之作。在四百多年来的英国文学史上，培根的文论以其思想精深、艺术精湛和文学精绝而风骚独领。其在英国文学与思想界之影响，颇似唐宋八大家之在中国，历久弥新。Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgementwhollybytheirrules,isthehumourofascholar.练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks;elsedistilledbooksare,likecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。Readingmakeafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人精确。Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtile;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Studiesgotomakeupaman’scharacter.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。Naythereisnostandorimpedimentinthewit,butmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies:likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead;andthelike.人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。Soifaman'switbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolmen;fortheyarecyminisectores.如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题需全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；Ifhebenotapttobeatovermatters,andtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyers'cases.Soeverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。ListenandfillintheblanksperfectwisdomweightasteddigestedfullreadyexactwisedeepcasesWhatisthestructureofthearticle?ThepurposeofstudyThemethodofstudyTheeffectofstudyTheFirstPart：ThepurposeofstudyTheSecondPart：ThemethodofstudyTheThirdPart：TheeffectofstudyPara1---Para5Para6---Para7Para8---Para9Thepurposeadvantagesdelightornamentabilitydisadvantagespendtoomuchtime—slothusethemtoomuch—ornamentmakejudgementwhollybytheirrules—scholarcontrastthemethodtaste--tobereadonlyinpartsswallow--toberead,butnotcuriouslychewordigest--tobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattentionextract—tobereadbydeputySuggestion：reading、conferenceandwritingmetaph0rtheeffectmakeupaman’scharactereverydefecthasaspecialreceiptHistories--wisepoets--wittymathematics--subtitlenaturalphilosophy--deepmoral--gravelogicandrhetoric--contendwanderingwit--mathematicswit--notapttodistinguish--theschoolmennotapttobeatovermatters--thelawyers'casespurposeadvantagesdisadvantagescontrastmethodopinionsuggestionmetaphoreffectcharacterdefectmetaphorConclusionexample1、whatisthemainpointsofthistext?2、whatisthepurposeofthestudy？3、whatdisadvantagesmayappearinthestudy?delight,forornament,andforabilityTospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgementwhollybytheirrules,isthehumourofascholarthepurposethemethodtheeffect4、Whataretheadvantagesofthestudy?Studiesgotomakeupaman’scharacterEverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceiptDiscussion1、whichsentencedoyoulikebest?Why?2、Whatisyourunderstandingofthetext?1、Ifsomeoneinourclassisunwillingtowrite,whichsentenceisagoodsuggestiontohim?2、Ifsomeoneinourclassisunwillingtospeak,whichsentenceisagoodsuggestiontohim?3、Ifsomeoneinourclassisunwillingtorecite,w