专业英语试题

1北京工业大学2003年环境工程专业硕士研究生复试试题专业英语1.TranslateTheFollowingwordsintoEnglishorChinese(10%）生态学地下水大气扩散环境监测环境容量LandfillTOCSamplingincineratordueto2.TranslateTheFollowingChineseintoEnglish(25%)随着经济的发展和城市化进程的加快，全球垃圾（garbage）产量飞速增长，为了使城市生态环境和人民的健康得到正常的维护。应对其采取有效的防治措施。由于目前城市废物的成分趋于复杂，单一的处理方式往往不能适应发展的要求。按照减量化、资源化和无害化的处理原则，城市生活垃圾处理今后将逐步走向多样化的处理方式，实现垃圾的综合处理。其中垃圾的资源化是生活垃圾处理的最高目标。3.TranslateTheFollowingPassageIntoChinese(25%)Significantchangesinwaterqualitycharacteristicsmayoccurrathersuddenly,bothfromnaturalandmanmadecauses.Thesechangesmaybecausedbyintensestorms,industrialspills,releasesfromimpoundmentsandstratifiedflow.Inaddition,rapidchangesinparameterssuchasdissolvedoxygenandsalinitymayresultfromnaturaltidalfluctuations.Weareallawarethataveryintensenoisecancausepermanenthearingloss,butperhapswehavelessappreciationforthefactthatthesametypeofhearingdamagecanaccrueafterexposuretomoremoderatenoiseenvironmentsoveranextendedperiodoftime.Theintensityofsoundaroundairports,alongassemblylinesofmanyplants,andintheoperator′spositionofapneumaticdrill,asnowmobile,oramotorcycleallareexamplesofsuchnoiseenvironments.Theuseofhighpoweredelectronicamplifiersby“rock”bandsprovides“music”ofanintensitywhichmostcertainlywillleadtoprematurehearinglossofmanyoftheyoungpeoplewhoplayinthebandsandwhoenjoylisteningtothisformofmusicforlongperiodsoftime.4.Summarythefollowingpassagebyusing200aboutwords（阅读下列文献，写出200词左右的摘要）(40%)Airpollutionproblemshavecausedmuchattentionandconcernsincetheynotonlydirectlyrelatetohumanactivitiesandeconomicdevelopment,butalsoposeaseriousthreattopublichealth(Elderingetal.,1996).Seriousairpollutionproblemscanleadtoenvironmentalconcernsand2unexpectedconsequences.Acidraincanformasaresultofairpollution.Morecommonlyitisduetosecondarypollutantsthatformfromtheoxidationofnitrogenoxides(NOx)orsulphurdioxide(SO2)gasesthatarereleasedintotheatmosphere.Emissionsofsulphurdioxideareresponsiblefor60-70%oftheaciddepositionthatoccursglobally.Morethan90%ofthesulphurintheatmosphereareofhumanorigin(Chengetal.,1999).Aciddepositioninfluencestheenvironmentinseveraldifferentways.Inaquaticsystems,aciddepositioncanaffecttheseecosystemsbyloweringtheirpHs.Aquaticsystemsonneutraloracidicbedrockarenormallyverysensitivetoaciddepositionbecausetheylackbasiccompoundsthatbufferacidification(Muir,1992).ManylakesandstreamsontheeasterncoastoftheNorthAmericaaresoacidicthatthefishpopulationhasdeclinedsignificantly.Thereducedfishnumberstheninfluencecommercialfishermenandindustriesthatrelyonthesportfishingtourism(Muir,1992).Forestryandagricultureareaffectedbythedamagecausedtovegetation.Theeffectscanleadtoplantsthathavereducedgrowthrates,floweringabilityandyields.Aciddepositioncaninfluencehumanhealthbyreleasingtoxicmetals,suchasmercuryandaluminum,intotheenvironmentduetotheacidificationofsoils(Muir,1992).Thetoxicmetalscantheningestedbyhumansthroughconsumptionofdrinkingwater,crops,andfish.Aciddepositionalsoeffectsmanyinanimatefeaturesofhumanconstruction(Perhins,1974).Buildingsandheadstonesthatareconstructedfromlimestoneareeasilyattackedbyacids,asareironandsteelstructures.Urbanenvironmentalproblemsaremainlyfromairpollution(HenryandHeinke,1989).Acceleratingurbangrowthinthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcenturyhasbeenaglobalphenomenon.Moreandmorepeoplewillbelivinginlargercities.Thesehigh-densitycommunitiesposeaspecialchallengeintheprovisionofpotablewater,cleanair,wastedisposal,transportation,andrecreationalspace(HenryandHeinke,1989).ThepredominantairpollutioneffectofurbanizationisthealterationoftheatmosphericchemistrythroughthereleaseofmassivequantitiesofCO2,oxidationofsulfurandnitrogen,dust,particulatematter,toxicchemicals,etc.(Climent-Fontetal.,1994).Thesourcesofthesecontaminantsarediverse,includingindustry,transportation,theheatingofbuildings,municipalincinerators,sewagetreatmentworks,openfires,andlandfillsites(HenryandHeinke,1989).Thecombustionofhydrocarbons,particularlythoseusedinthetransportationsector,alsogivesrisetophotochemicalsmogasaresultoftheinteractionofvariousby-productsofthecombustionprocessandenergyfromsolarradiation(Liptak,1974).Allthesewouldleadtoseriousenvironmentalproblemsinurbanareas(HenryandHeinke,1989).Emissionsfromchemicals,manufacturing,andactivitiessuchaspowergeneration,transportation,andwastetreatmentcontributetoavarietyofairpollutionissues,includingozone,particulatematter,acid,nutrientandtoxicdeposition,andvisibilityincomplexways,andatavarietyofspatialandtemporalscales(Byun,1998).Consequently,effectiveairqualitycontrolstrategiesaredesiredforkeepingregionalambientairqualityatahealthylevel.Thesestrategiesmustbebothenvironmentallyprotectiveandcosteffective.Anairpollutioncontrolsysteminvolvesanumberofcomplexphysical,chemical,social-economical,environmental,andmeteorologicalfactors.Therearetwobroadapproachestothecontrolofparticulateandgaseouscontaminants—dilutionofthecontaminantsintheatmosphereandcontrolofthecontaminantsattheirsource.Intermsoflong-rangecontrolofairpollution,controlofcontaminantsattheirsourceisamoredesirableandeffectivemethodthandilution.Contro