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学时:30授课班级:1014091/2SpecializedEnglishforChemicalEngineeringandTechnology授课教师:李霞联系电话:15237573818Aftercompletingthisunit,youshouldbeableto:•Identifytheapplicationofthermodynamics.•Discussthenatureofthermodynamics.•Stateanddescribebrieflyeachofthethreethermodynamiclaws.•Explainthemechanismsofheatflow:conduction,convectionandradiation.Unit11ChemicalandProcessThermodynamicsBeforecommitting(犯罪,投入时间/金钱等)agreatdealoftimeandefforttothestudyofasubject,itisreasonabletoaskthefollowingtwoquestions:whatisit?Whatisitgoodfor?Regardingthermodynamics,thesecondquestionismoreeasilyanswered,butananswertothefirstisessentialtoanunderstandingofthesubject.译:在投入大量的时间和精力去研究一个学科时,有理由去问一下以下两个问题:该学科是什么?(研究)它有何用途?对于热力学而言,第二个问题比较容易回答,但回答第一个问题有必要对该学科较深入的理解。Althoughitisdoubtfulthatmanyexpertsorscholarswouldagreeonasimpleandprecisedefinitionofthermodynamics,necessitydemandsthatadefinitionbeattempted.However,thisisbestaccomplishedaftertheapplicationsofthermodynamicshavebeendiscussed.译:(尽管)许多专家或学者赞同热力学的简单而准确的定义的观点(看法)值得怀疑,但是还是有必要确定它的定义。然而,在讨论热力学的应用之后,就可以很容易完成其定义.ApplicationsofThermodynamicsTherearetwomajorapplicationsofthermodynamics,bothofwhichareimportanttochemicalengineers:译:热力学有两个主要的应用,两者对化学工程师都很重要。(ⅰ)Thecalculationofheatandworkeffectsassociatedwithprocessesaswellasthecalculationofthemaximumworkobtainablefromaprocessortheminimumworkrequiredtodriveaprocess.(ⅱ)Theestablishmentofrelationshipsamongthevariablesdescribingsystemsatequilibrium.译:(1)与过程相联系的热效应和功效应的计算,以及从过程得到的最大功或驱动过程所需的最小功的计算。(2)描述处于平衡的系统的各变量之间的关系的确定。Thefirstapplicationissuggested(建议,提议;暗示;使联想到;启示)bythenamethermodynamics,whichimpliesheatinmotion.Mostofthesecalculatingcanbemadebythedirectimplementationofthefirstandsecondlaws.译:第一种应用由热力学这个名词可联想到,热力学表示运动中的热。直接利用第一和第二定律可完成许多(热效应和功效应的)计算。Examplesarecalculatingtheworkofcompressingagas,performinganenergybalanceonanentireprocessoraprocessunit,determiningtheminimumworkofseparatingamixtureofethanolandwaterorevaluatingtheefficiencyofanammoniasynthesisplant.译:例如:计算压缩气体的功,对一个完整过程或某一过程单元的进行能量衡算,确定分离乙醇和水混合物所需的最小功,或者评估一个氨合成工厂的效率。Theapplicationofthermodynamicstoaparticularsystemresultsinthedefinitionofusefulpropertiesandtheestablishmentofanetworkofrelationshipsamongthepropertiesandothervariablessuchaspressure,temperature,volume,andmolfraction.译:热力学在特殊体系中的应用,引出了一些有用的函数的定义以及这些函数和其它变量(如压强、温度、体积和摩尔分数)关系网络的确定。Actually,application1wouldnotbepossibleunlessameansexistsforevaluatingthenecessarythermodynamicpropertychangesrequiredinimplementingthefirstandsecondlaws.Thepropertychangesarecalculatedfromexperimentallydetermineddataviatheestablishednetworkofrelationships.译:实际上,在运用第一、第二定律时,除非用于评价必要的热力学函数变化的方法已经存在,否则热力学的第一种应用不可能实现。通过已经建立的关系网络,从实验确定的数据可以计算函数变化。Additionally,thenetworkofrelationshipsamongthevariablesofasystemallowsthecalculationofvaluesofvariableswhichareeitherunknownordifficulttodetermineexperimentallyfromvariableswhichareeitheravailableoreasiertomeasure.译:除此之外,某一体系中变量的关系网络,可让那些未知的或者那些难以从变量(这些变量容易得到或较易测量)中实验确定的变量得以计算。Forexample,theheatofvaporizingaliquidcanbecalculatedfrommeasurementsofthevaporpressureatseveraltemperaturesanddensitiesoftheliquidandvaporphasesatseveraltemperatures,andthemaximumconversionobtainableinachemicalreactionatanytemperaturecanbecalculatedfromcalorimetricmeasurementsperformedontheindividualsubstancesparticipatinginthereaction.译:例如,一种液体的汽化热,可以通过测量几个温度的蒸汽压和几个温度下液相和汽相的密度得以计算;某一化学反应中任一温度下的可得的最大转化率,可以通过参与该反应的各物质的热量法测量加以计算。2.TheNatureofThermodynamicsThelawsofthermodynamicshaveanempiricalorexperimentalbasis,andinthedelineation(描述)ofitsapplicationstherelianceupon(依赖,依靠)experimentalmeasurementstandsout(突出).Thus,thermodynamicsmightbebroadlydefinedasameansofextendingourexperimentallygainedknowledgeofasystemorasaframeworkforviewingandcorrelatingthebehaviorofthesystem.译:热力学定律有着经验或实验基础,但是在描述其应用时,依赖实验测量显得很明显。因此,热力学广义上可以定义为:拓展我们实验所得的体系知识的一种手段(方法),或定义为:观察和关联一个体系的行为的基本框架。Tounderstandthermodynamic,itisessentialtokeepanexperimentalperspective,forifwedonothaveaphysicalappreciationforthesystemorphenomenonstudied,themethodsofthermodynamicswillhavelittlemeaning.Weshouldalwaysaskthefollowingquestions:Howisthisparticularvariablemeasured?How,andformwhattypeofdata,isaparticularpropertycalculates?译:为了理解热力学,拥有实验的观点很必要,因为,如果我们不能对研究的体系或现象做出物理上正确的评价,那么热力学的方法就无意义。我们应该要经常问问如下问题:怎样测量这一特殊的变量?怎样计算以及从哪一类的数据计算一个特殊的函数。Becauseofitsexperimentalfoundation,thermodynamicsdealswithmacroscopicproperties,orpropertiesofmatterinbulk,asopposedtomicroscopicpropertieswhichareassignedtotheatomsand,moleculesconstitutingmatter.Macroscopicpropertiesareeitherdirectlymeasurableorcalculablefromdirectlymeasurablepropertieswithoutresourcetoaspecifictheory.译:由于热力学的实验基础,热力学讨论的是宏观函数或大量的物质的函数,而不是微观函数,微观函数涉及到的是组成物质的原子或分子。宏观函数要么可以直接测量,要么可以从直接测量的函数计算得到,而不需要借助于某一具体的理论。Conversely,whilemicroscopicpropertiesareultimatelydeterminedfromexperimentalmeasurements,theirauthenticitydependsonthevalidityoftheparticulartheoryappliedtotheircalculation.Herein(于此,此中)liesthepowerandauthorityofthermodynamics:Itsresultsareindependentof(与…无关)theoriesofmatterandarethusrespectedandconfidentlyaccepted.译:相反,尽管微观函数最终是从实验测
本文标题:化工专业英语-Unit-11
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