Lecture-Six(10.22)

LectureSixFirstLanguageAcquisitionQuestions:1.Whatisacquisition?2.Whatisfirstlanguage?3.WhatdoesL1acquisitionmean?4.Howdoesachildacquirehisorhermothertongue?5.WhatareL1acquisitiontheories?6.WhatareL1acquisitiontheoriesconcernedwith,competenceorperformance?7.Whatenablesthechildtoacquirehisorherfirstlanguage,natureornurture?acquisition1.gettingforoneselfbyone’sownwork(skill)2.gainingorcomingintopossessionof(experience)3.learningbysubconsciousmotion(knowledge)Differencesbetweenacquisition&learningLAconscioussubconsciousplannedunplannedformalinformalcourse(s)withoutcourseinunnaturalinnaturalcircumstancescircumstancesFirstlanguageaperson’smothertongueorthelanguageacquiredfirst.Inmultilingualcommunities,however,achildmaygraduallyshiftfromthemainuseofonelanguagetothemainuseofanother,firstlanguagemayrefertothelanguagethechildfeelsmostcomfortableusing.Firstlanguageacquisitionthelearninganddevelopmentofperson’snativelanguageChomskyarguesthat:——childrenarebornwithspeciallanguagelearningabilities(L.A.D)——theydonothavetobetaughtlanguageorcorrectedfortheirmistakes.——theylearnlanguagebybeingexposedtoit——linguisticrulesdevelopsubconsciouslyThestudyofL1acquisition——howchildrendevelopalinguisticsystemwhichenablesthemtoproducesentencesthattheyhaveneverheardbefore——therelationshipbetweenlanguagedevelopmentandcognitivedevelopment——howchildrendistinguishanddevelopwordmeanings——theeffectsofinteraction(父母与孩子，儿童之间)onlanguedevelopmentpsychologicalbasisofchild’sspeechspeechdynamicsphysiologicalphysicalpsychologicalTheprocessofachild’srequiringlanguagestagesperiodphenomenonbabbling3-6msunderstandingoffacialexpression’sandtonesproducingsoundsIallation6-9msresponsesofgesturesandsimpleordersimitation12msresponsestotheinfluencesfrompracticeofverbalgamesrepeatedlyjargon18msabilityofcombinationofverbalelementsrequiredfromother‘stalks,butatrandomtalking24mswhollyunderstandingofordersusingphrasestoexpressitselfloquacity48msfullyunderstandingofadult’sutteranceswellmasteringtheuseofutterancesaddresseraddressee(speaker)(audience)①psycho-phenomenon(心理现象)apropersoundimagetriggeredbyacertainconcept②physiologicalprocess（生理现象）arelatedsoundimagetransformingtosoundproducingorgans③physicalprocess（物理现象）soundwaveswiththeimagefromAtoBa.概念在脑子里引起一个相应的音响形象。b.与音响形象有相互关系的冲动传递给发音器官。c.声波从甲的口里传递到乙的耳朵音响形象在生理上的传递（mediation）音响形象和概念在心理上的联结（association）Developmentalfunctionsoflanguage——instrumentale.g.cake/mummy,cake/apieceofcake/…——regulatorye.g.DoasItellyou.——interactionale.g.Let’ssharethecake.——personale.g.IamastudentofOxfordUniversity.——hearistice.g.I’mfeelingunease.What’sthematter?——imaginativee.g.Iwouldgetagoodpreparationfortheexams.——informativee.g.JohnisstillsingleAudio-thehighamplitudesuckingprocedure(高振幅吮吸程序)sucking/asoundofacertainamplitudetherateofsuckingsucking/asoundofanotheramplitudeitsrateofsuckingchangesItprovesthatababylikestolistentoitsmother’svoicebeforeitsbirth,andlanguagelearningbeginsbeforeitsbirth.visualeyefixingoftime/differentpictures/soundsThisprovesthatlearningcanbecontrolled.forbreathingforexpressingofcomfort/discomfortreflectioncharacteristicsofsoundsthecryofababy①cooing(鸟鸣声)/consonant②sharp/nasal/vowels(a…a…a…[atthebeginning],[then]wa…wa…wa…)最初的辅音：wa,la,ha,ma,naAchildlearnshisorhernativelanguageby:——problem-solvinge.g.I’mhungry.——question-answere.g.Whatdoesthismean?——hypothesis-testinge.g.Whatresultwoulditbe?——discussion-decisione.g.IfIgo,ifnot,theresultwouldbethesame.——decision-declaratione.gI’dratherstayhome.Acomplextaskforthechildtoacquirefirstlanguage(anexample)A:Wheredidyougowithgrandpa?B:Wegoedinthepark.A=anEnglishmotherB=herchildquestion:1)Thegivenmeaningisastreamofsounds.2)Thisutteranceisaquestionaboutlocation.3)Themeaningoftheverb“go”indicatesdirectedmotion.4)Theactionofgoinginvolvestwoparticipants.5)Theactionofgoingtakesplaceinthepart.Answer:1)appropriate,containingsomegrammaticalerrors2)comprehensionofthemeaningofthesounds3)hissegmentofthesoundsintomeaningfulunits4)thechild’sabilityneededtoknowhismother’spropositions.(whatdoeshismothermeaninthequestion?)Summary:Duringtheprocessofunderstandingandansweringhismother’squestion,thechildneeds:1)thegeneralknowledgeofEnglishgrammarandsemantics;2)theabilitytoproducetheappropriateutteranceofhisown.dedenlenereyegittinsen(Twrkish)dede-n-le=grandpayourwithne-re-ye=questionplacetogit-t-in=gopast/secondpersonsen=youTheoriesofL1acquisitionBehavioristicCognitiveBehavioristic(empiricistapproach)Imitation-reinforcementB.F.Skinner(operantconditioning)↓Verbalbehavior(controlledbyconsequences)rewardingpunishingreinforced&weakened&maintainedextinguishedahabitformedbyrepeatedreinforcement(conditioned)Insummary:Fromthistheory,wecandolikethis:Ifweoperatethereinforcementsscientifically,wecangeteffectiveresponses(output)Ifweobservetheresponses(output)andconsiderthem,wecanknowsomethinginsideachild’smind(blackbox).model:response-stimuluseffectivelanguage=theproductionofcorrectresponsestoexternalstimulichildrenlearnnativ