英语单词构词法

WORDFORMATION构词法合成法1.复合名词的主要构成方式有：(1)名词+名词如：newspaper报纸teamwork协作(2)形容词+名词如：blackboard黑板highway公路(3)副词+名词如：overcoat大衣underground地铁(4)名词+介词短语如：father-in-law岳父mother-in-law岳母2.复合动词的主要构成方式：(1)副词+动词如：update更新overlook忽视(2)名词+动词如：sun-bathe日光浴proof-read校对3.复合代词的主要构成方式：(1)代词宾格或物主代词+self/selves如:ourselves,itself(2)某些不定代词+body/thing/one如:nobody,everything.4.复合形容词的主要构成方式：(1)名词+形容词如：colour-blind色盲的(2)副词+形容词如：over-sensitive过敏的(3)名词+分词如：hand-made手工制作的(7)形容词+名词+-ed如：ill-mannered不礼貌的(8)数词+名词+(-ed)如：two-faced两面派的one-sided片面的(9)名词+名词+-ed如：iron-willed有钢铁意志的5.复合副词的主要构成方式：(1)名词+名词如：sideways向旁边(2)名词+副词如：headfirst头朝下(3)形容词+名词如：meanwhile同时(4)介词+名词如：beforehand事先转化法1.有大量的动词可以转化为名词(1)有时意思没有太大的变化。如：①havealook(chat,talk,wash,swim,rest,try,quarrel,interview,taste,etc)②makeastudy(guess,visit,call,survey,jump,slip,change,answer,advance,etc)③cometoastop(end,pause)(2)有时意思有一定的变化：Hewasaboutthesamebuildashisbrother.他的体形和他哥哥差不多。Womenhaveanequalsayineverything.妇女在各方面都有同样的发言权。2.有相当多的名词可以当动词用(1)许多表示物件的名词可以用做动词,表示动作。Haveyoubookedyourticket？(预定)Itcanseatathousandpeople.(容纳)(2)有些表示身体部位的名词活用来做动词。We'llbackyouup.(支持)We'llheadforYunnantomorrow.(朝……前进)(3)一些表示一类人的名词也可用做动词。Ifso,weshallbebadlyfooled.(欺骗)Wewerehostedbymembersoftheembassy.(款待)(4)一些表示其他实物的名词也可用做动词。Thishelpedtobridgeoverourdifficulties.(度过)Forsixdaysandnightstheybattledtosavehislife.(苦战)(5)一些抽象名词等也可以用做动词。Throughmychildhood,Ihadhungeredforeducation.(盼望)Over1000studentsstormedintothebuilding.(冲进)1.有不少形容词也可以用做动词。如：(1)Thetrainsloweddowntohalfitsspeed.(减慢)(2)Thisisthechiefwayofnarrowingthedifferencesbetweenthem.(缩小)(3)Pleasewarmupthedishoverthestove.(热一下)(4)Theroomgraduallyquieteddown.(安静下来)(5)Wrongsmustberightedwhentheyarediscovered.(纠正)(6)Nothingdriessoonerthanatear.(干)(7)Shellywasunabletocalmher.(使镇静)(8)Theybravedthebittercoldtocompletetherailway.(不顾)(9)MostoftheseriversemptyintothePacificOcean.(流入)(10)Don'tdirtyyourclothes.(弄脏)(11)Hefelthimselfwronged.(受了委屈)(12)Thenewspaperhadbeenyellowedbysunlight.(使变黄)(13)Heloweredhisvoice.(降低)2.有不少形容词可用做名词。如：(1)Noblesconstitutedsevenpercentofthepopulation.(贵族)(2)WhenisyourFrenchoral?(口语课)(3)Theirjoblesstotalreachedarecordhighsince1940.(总数)(高峰)(4)Thereisonlyoneblackinmyclass.(黑人)(5)Sheisinvestigatingtheancients’conceptionoftheuniverse.(古人)(6)Heisanaturalforthejob.(天生适合……的人)(7)Itisnecessarytomakeadistinctionbetweenrightandwrong.(是与非)(8)Theyarerunninginthefinal.(决赛)(9)Oursix-year-oldisatschool.(六岁的孩子)再如:inshort,forshort,ingeneral,forfree,inred,inpublic,incommon等.派生法前缀含义例词含义适用条件dis不disagree不同意放动词前不dishonest不诚实的放形容词前非disadvantage劣势/非优势放名词前in不inconvenient不方便的放形容词前im不imperfect不完美的放在以b，mp开头的词前un不unclear不清楚的放形容词前不uncover不盖住/揭开放动词前non不nonessential不重要的放形容词前非nonsmokers非吸烟者放名词前mis错误的misunderstand误解；放动词前坏的misfortune厄运放名词前表示否定意义的前缀il不illegal不合法的放在以l开头的形容词前ir不irregular不规则的放在以r开头的形容词前de除掉defrost除霜放动词前anti反抗/防止antiJapanese抗日的放名词前counter相反counterattack反攻放动词或名词前•表示否定意义的前缀主要有：dis，in，im，il，ir，un，non，mis，de，anti，counter等。表示否定的前缀一般只改变原来单词的词义，不改变词性。肯定否定形式及中文意思1.responsible2.selfish3.honest4.ability5.employment6.approval7.important8.lucky9.necessary10.moralirresponsible不负责任的unselfish无私的dishonest不诚实的inability无能unemployment失业disapproval不赞成unimportant不重要的unlucky不幸运的unnecessary不必要的immoral不道德的词根否定形式否定形式中文过去式过去分词leadtakewarunderstandloadmisleadmistakeantiwarmisunderstandunload误导弄错反战误解卸载misledmistookmisunderstoodunloadedmisledmistakenmisunderstoodunloaded表示变换词类作用的前缀1.be-“使，视为”如：befriend待……如友belittle轻视，贬低2.en-“使，往……里(=make)如：endanger使危险enable使能够前缀意义例子ex-先,故,旧ex-husband前夫fore-在前面,先前foretell预言mid-中,中间midnight午夜midsummer仲夏post-在后，后post-reading阅读后pre-在前,事先,预先prehistory史前的prearranged事先安排的re(重复，再)rewrite重写remarry再婚表示时间，序列关系的前缀即时练习：猜测以下句子划线单词的意义。1.Theex-presidentisaknownfarsightedpolitician.1.前总统。前任首相是一位公认的有远见的政治家。2.DuringthepostwaryearsinGermany,manyhonorsweregiventoEinstein.2.战后。在战后的岁月里,爱因斯坦在德国得到了很多荣誉。3.Irefreshedmyselfwithacupofcoffee.3.提神。我喝了一杯咖啡给自己提提神。4.Sheremarriedherformerhusbandtenyearsaftertheirdivorce.4.再婚。她与原来的丈夫离婚十年後又复婚了。5.Theyear2008marksthe30thanniversaryofChina'sreformandopening-uppolicy.5.改革。2008年标志着中国改革开放的政策30周年。6.Preheattheoven(烤箱)to180degree.6.预热。预热焗炉至180度。7.Theteacheraskedthestudentstoretellthestorytheyjustread.7.复述。老师要求学生们复述他们刚读的故事。8.Couldyoureconsiderourproposal?8.重新考虑。您能再考虑一下我们的建议吗？9.Sheandherex-husbandaregettingbacktogether.9.前夫。她和她前夫就要复婚了。前缀意义例子super-超过supernatural超自然的supermarket超市extra-超越,额外extraordinary非凡out-超过,过分outnumber在数量上超过outsize超大over-过度,太overdress过度打扮vice-副,次vicechairman副主席by-副,次要的byproduct副产品byeffect副作用under-低劣,低下underproduction生产不足sub-低,次,副,亚subtropical亚热带subtitle副标题表示比较程度差别关系的前缀即时练习：请猜出下面句子划线单词的意思并翻译句子。1.Mycousinhasanexcellentvoice.Herdreamistobecomeasuperstar.1.超级明星。我的表妹有着优秀的声音。她梦想是成为一个超级明星。2.Ifyouovereat,youarelikelytobecomeoverweight.2.吃过量。如果你吃得过多,就很容易变得过胖。3.ImissedmybusbecauseIoverslept.3.睡过头。我没赶上公共汽车,因为我睡过头了。4.LinJunjing,vicepresidentofPKU,heldtheceremony.4.副校长。签字仪式有北大副校长林钧敬主持。表示术语的前缀1.bio-生命，生物biography(传记)bioengineering生物工程学2.ge-地球，大地geography地理3.tele-远离telegraph(拍)电报telescope望远镜4.e–电子的e-mail电子邮件e-Learning电子化学习e-book电子书5.kilo(千)kilometer千米，公里；kilogram千克表示特