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EnglishLiteratureintheRenaissancePeriodItmarksatransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworldI.Historicalandculturalbackground1.1.Timespan:the14thandmid-17thFirststartedinFlorenceandVenice,Italywiththefloweringofpainting,sculptureandliterature,andthenspreadtotherestofEurope.意大利纺织工场意大利最早的银行繁荣的佛罗伦萨TheRenaissanceThisisagreatestandmostadvancedrevolutioninthehumanhistory.Thisistheagethegiantsareneededandproduced.------F.Engles伽利略1、制成第一架天体望远镜2、“天空的哥伦布”,论证了新天文学的正确性哥白尼和《天体运行论》提出太阳中心说布鲁诺发展哥白尼学说,认为太阳也不是中心,宇宙是无限的怎样发展了哥白尼的学说?1600年2月被烧死于罗马鲜花广场。布鲁诺为真理而斗争,视死如归,在宣判死刑时他怒斥法官:“你们对我宣读判词,比我听判词还要感到恐惧”。临刑时,他高呼:火不能征服我,未来的世纪会知道我的价值。LeonardoDaVinci(1452—1519).LeonardoDaVinci(1452-1519)达.芬奇坚信科学,他对宗教感到厌恶,抨击天主教为“一个贩卖欺骗的店铺”.他说:“真理只有一个,他不是在宗教之中,而是在科学之中.”达.芬奇的实验工作方法为后来哥白尼、伽利略、开普勒、牛顿等人的发明创造开辟了道路.在天文学上,达.芬奇对传统的“地球中心说”持否定的观点.他认为地球不是太阳系的中心,更不是宇宙的中心,而只是一颗绕太阳运转的行星,太阳本身是不运动的.达.芬奇还认为月亮自身并不发光,他只是反射太阳的光辉.他的这些观点的提出早于哥白尼“太阳中心说”.甚至在当时,达.芬奇就幻想利用太阳能了.LeonardoDaVinci(1452-1519)在文艺复兴时期达.芬奇、米开朗基罗和拉斐尔的艺术成就达到了西方造型艺术继古希腊之后的第二次高峰,仅绘画而言,则达到了欧洲的第一次高峰.其中尤以达.芬奇最为突出,恩格斯称他是巨人中的巨人.在艺术创作方面,达.芬奇解决了造型艺术三个领域——建筑、雕刻、绘画中的重大课题:1、解决了纪念性中央圆屋顶建筑物设计和理想城市的规划问题;2、完成了15世纪以来雕刻家深感棘手的骑马纪念碑雕像的课题;3、解决了当时绘画中两个重要领域--纪念性壁画和祭坛画的问题.达.芬奇的艺术小说诗歌文学作品不仅象镜子似的反映事物,而且还以思考指导创作,从自然界中观察和选择美的部分加以表现.壁画《最后的晚餐》、祭坛画《岩间圣母》和肖像画《蒙娜丽莎》是他一生的三大杰作.这三幅小说诗歌文学作品是达.芬奇为世界艺术宝库留下的珍品中的珍品,是欧洲艺术的拱顶之石.《最后的晚餐》1.2.ideologicalandculturalmovementRenaissance:rebirth,revivalAncientGreekandRomancivilizationHumanistsnotonlysawtheartsofsplendorandenlightenment,butthehumanvaluesrepresentedinworks.Contrarytothesubordinationofindividualstothefeudalrulesandthesacrificeofearthlylifeforafuturelifeinthemedievalsociety,Renaissancehumanistscametoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreatures.Byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoylife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.Influencedbythesehumanisticideas,theEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstoabolisholdfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasoftherisingbourgeoisie,andtocarryoutreligiousreformation.1.3.Theessenceandthekeynoteofrenaissanceishumanism.TheRenaissanceinEnglandRenaissanceinEnglandthelate15thcenturyTheHundredYear’sWarwithFranceTheWarsoftheRosesbetweentheHouseofLancaster(redroseemblem)andtheHouseofYork(whiteroseemblem)ConflictbetweenCatholicismandProtestantism(新教)ThebreakwithRomecameasHenryVIIIdivorcedhiswifeinlovewithAnneBoleyn,hispleafordivorcefromCatherineofAragon(princessofSpain,wifeofhislateelderbrother),twicerejectedbythePope,madehimselfthesupremeHeadofChurchofEnglandin1534ThebloodyMaryElizabeth:restoredtheindependentChurchofEnglandbutkepttoCatholicdoctrinesandpracticeswhileremainingfreeofthePapalcontrol.QueenElizabethELIZABETHANENGLANDEnglishRenaissancewasatitsheightduringthereignofQueenElizabeth.Countryunified,tradeandcommerceflourishedAgeofexplorationWarwithSpainFleet“Armada”EnglandbecameadominantforceunderElizabethI(1558-1603)LondonlargestcityinEurope.Population200,0001559.Doublesagainin50years.Educationwasrevitalizedandliteraturebecamemorepopular.TheOxfordreformers,scholarsandhumanistsintroducedclassicalliteraturetoEngland.ThiswasEngland’sGoldenAgeinliterature.Floweringperiodofliterature“anestofsingingbirds”ThereappearedmanyEnglishliterarygiantssuchasShakespeare,Spenser,Jonson,Sidney,Marlowe,Baconandsoon.ElizabethanliteraturePoetry:EdmundSpenser,WilliamShakespeare,BenJonson,JohnDonne,JohnMiltonDrama:ChristopherMarlowe,W.ShakespeareandBenJonsonProse:FrancisBaconandThomasMore(Utopia)EdmundSpenserTheFaerieQueene--dedicatedtoQueenElizabeth--domineeringthoughtsofthepoemare:nationalismhumanismChristopherMarlowe(1564--1593)Abrightstarwithalifeofonly29.ThemostgiftedoftheWits.ChristopherMarlowethemostgiftedofthe“UniversityWits”TamburlainetheGreatTheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustusOverpoweringpassion-ambition&desireforknowledgeamansellshissoultothedevilforpowerandknowledge.c.historicalapproachItaimsatillustratingthehistoricaldevelopmentofliterature.AlltheLiteratureexistsintimeandassuchbearstheunmistakableimprintoftheperiodandcultureinwhichitiswrittend.OtherapproachesMarxist/sociologicalcriticismpsychoanalyticalcriticismfeminist/gendercriticismmythicandarchetypalcriticismreader-responsecriticismformalist/newcriticismstructuralismDefinitionofLiteratureLiteraturecanbejustabouteverythingthatiswritten;specificallyitusuallymeanswrittencompositionsthattellstories,dramatizesituations,expressemotions,andanalyzeandadvocateideas.Whatisliterature?Thehumanisticstudyofabodyofliterature.Creativewritingofrecognizedartisticvalue.Publishedwritingsinaparticularstyleonaparticularsubject.HowtostudyLiterature?a.analyticalapproachTheelementsoffictionincludeplot,character,setting,pointofview,theme,symbol,allegory,style,andtone.b.thematicapproachWhatisthestory,thepoem,theplay,ortheessayabout?theclassificationofliteratureBygenre:novel,plays,shortstories,poetry,essaysBytimeperiods:Elizabethan,Restoration,Victorian,TwentiethCenturyBynat
本文标题:the Renaissance Period
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