语言学课后题

1.Fillintheblanks(1)Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityoflanguagemakeslearningalanguagelaborious.Forlearnersofaforeignlanguage,itisthisfeatureoflanguagethatismoreworthnoticingthanitsarbitrariness.(大连外院2008）(2)Humanlanguageisarbitrary.Thisreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.(人大2007）(3)humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.Thisqualityislabeledasdisplacement.（北二外2006）(4)Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage,thatis,languagehasideational,interpersonalandtextualfunctions.（中山大学2008）(5)Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Thisisthemetalingual(元语言)functionoflanguage.（中山大学2005）(6)whenlanguageisusedforestablishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontactratherthanexchanginginformationorideas,itsfunctionisphaticfunction.(北二外2005）(7)Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyoflanguageinuse.Sociolinguistics,ontheotherhand,attemptstoshowtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.(8)Descriptivegrammarsattempttotellwhatisinthelanguage,whileprescriptivegrammarstellpeoplewhatshouldbeinthelanguage.Mostcontemporarylinguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursnaturallyinthelanguageshouldbedescribed.(人大2006）（9）ThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisaDiachronic（历时）Linguisticstudy.10.Therearetwofieldsofmorphology:thestudyofinflectionalandthestudyofderivational.（人大2006研）11.Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotconstituteawordbyitself.（北二外2003）12.Affixisthecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.Affixesarelimitedinnumberinalanguage,andaregenerallyclassifiedintothreesubtypes,namely,prefix,suffix,andinfix.（北邮）13.Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:affixandboundroot.14.Cohesionreferstotiesandconnectionswhichexistwithintexts.Theyarealsocalledformallinksbetweensentencesandbetweenclauses.(人大2007)15.Thetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor,isknownasthereferentialtheory.（中山2008）16.Synonymyisthetechnicalnameforthesamenessrelation.（北外2007）17.Termslike“rollingpin”and“ladle”arehyponymsoftheterm“kitchenimplements”.（北二外2005）18.Antonymslike“husband”v.“wife”areconverseantonyms.（北二外2003）19．Idiolectreferstovarietiesofalanguageusedbyindividualspeakers,withpeculiaritiesofpronunciation,grammarandvocabulary.Infact,notwospeakersspeakexactlythesamedialect.Eachspeakerhascertaincharacteristicfeaturesofhisowninhiswayofspeaking.（人大2007）20.“linguisticrelativity”wasproposedbySapirandwhorf.（清华2001）21.Languageitselfisnotsexist,butitsusemayreflectthesocialattitudeconnotedinthelanguagethatissexist.22.Performativesweresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.23.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledtheCooperativeprincipleproposedbyJ.Grice24.InAustin’sHowtoDoThingswithword,hefirstdistinguishesperformativesandconstatives,lateronAustinmadeafreshstarttodistinguishLocutionaryact,Illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact..25.Thetypeoflanguageconstructedbysecondorforeignlanguagelearnerswhoarestillintheprocessoflearningalanguageisoftenreferredtoasinterlanguage.(中山2008）26.Interlanguageisformedwhenthelearnerattemptstolearnanewlanguage,andithasfeaturesofboththefirstlanguageandthesecondlanguagebutisneither.（中山2006）27.Erroristhegrammaticallyincorrectform;mistakeappearswhenthelanguageiscorrectgrammaticallybutimproperinacommunicationalcontext.（中山2008）28.AccordingtoKrashen’s(1985)Inputhypothesislearnersacquirelanguageasaresultofcomprehendinginputaddressedtothem.29.Intermsofthesourceoferrors,errorsareoftendividedintoInterlingualerrorsandintralingualerrors.(1)By__c_wemeanlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityandrecursiveness.（西外2006）a.Arbitrarinessb.dualityc.creativityd.displacement(2)ThewordUNisformedinthewayof___a__.（西安交大2008）A.acronymB.clippingC.initialismD.blending(3)Compoundwordsconsistof__c__morphemes.（北二外2003）A.boundB.freeC.bothboundandfree(4)Whichofthefollowingwordsisformedbytheprocessofblending?b（对外经贸2006）A.WTO(acronym)B.MotelC.bookshelfD.red-faced(5)Whichofthefollowingisnotaprocessofthelexicalchange?c（大连外国2008）A.InventionB.acronymC.lexicon(6)_A___dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldexperience.(西交大2008）A.ReferenceB.conceptC.semanticsD.Sense（7）_D___isaphenomenonthatinsomespeechcommunitiestwolanguagesexistsidebysidewitheachhavingadifferentroletoplay;andlanguageswitchingoccurswhenthesituationchanges.（天津外院2011）A.BilingualismB.DiglossiaC.PidginD.Creole（8）____referstotheuseofawordwhichisthoughttobelessoffensiveorunpleasantthananotherword.A.TabooB.DiglossiaC.EuphemismD.Dialect（9）.__C__referstoamixingoftwocodesorlanguages,usuallywithoutachangeoftopic.Itcaninvolvevariouslevelsoflanguage,e.g.phonology,morphology,grammaticalstructuresorlexicalitems.A.CodemixingB.restrictedcodeC.codeswitchingD.elaboratedcode（10）Insociolinguisticstudies,speakerareregardedasmembersofsocialgroups,thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialstudyiscalled_