非谓语动词

非谓语动词一、定义•动词在句中除充当谓语外，还可以起名词、形容词或副词的作用，在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语。二、非谓语动词的种类•共三种：•1）动词不定式tostudy•2）分词----现在分词：studying•过去分词：studied•3）动名词studying三、特点不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化。仍具有动词的特征，可以带有宾语、状语等构成短语。•1.yououghttoknowthat.(构成谓语)•2.Totalktohimistotalktothewall.（构成主语）•3.Whatareyoutryingtodo?（构成宾语）•4.Iwishyoutobehappy.（复合宾语）•5.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?（介宾）•6.TheywenttoWestAfricantoseethewildanimals.（目的状语）•7.Mary’staskistosetthetable.（表语）•8.Iaskhimtotellmehisname.（可以有自己的宾语）•9.I’dprefertogobybike.（可以有自己的状语）四、非谓语动词的形式状态主动被动不定式一般Towritetobewritten进行Tobewriting-----------------完成TohavewrittenTohavebeenwritten现在分词和动名词一般WritingBeingwritten完成HavingwrittenHavingbeenwritten过去分词一般---------------written动词不定式Infinitive一动词不定式的否定形式•Tellsb.todosth.•Itoldhimnottobelate.二带疑问词的不定式在to前加疑问词•Eg:•1.Canyoutellmewheretogetthebook.•2.Marydoesn’tknowwhattosay.•3.Idon’tknowhowtousethemachine.三有些动词的不定式后不带to的不定式•1)用于feel,have,hear,let,listento,lookat,make,notice,see,watch后面做宾语补语时。•eg:•1.Fatherhadmybrotherwashthecaryesterday.•2.Helets/makesmesitatthetable.*当Hear,see,make用于被动语态时，不定式保留to•Eg:•1.Iwasmadetofeelatease.•2.Wasanyoneseentogoout?2）在Hadbetter/wouldrather后加动词原形•Eg:•1.You’dbettergotothecampusbookstore.•2.Wouldyouratherdrivethereorgobybus?3）在help后的不定式，to可有可无。4）在Ratherthan/soonerthan位于句首时，后面要加动词原形；在Ratherthan/soonerthan位于句末时，to可有可无。•Eg:•1.Hewalkstotheofficeeveryday•ratherthan(to)gobybus.•2.Ratherthangobybus,hewalkstotheofficeeveryday.•3.gobybus,hewalkstotheofficeeveryday.5）在Except/but后加动词原形•a)doanything/nothing/everythingbut/except+do•eg:•Hesaidhewouldliketodonothingexceptcook.•b)can’thelpbut+do/can’tchoosebut+do难以选择……只能做……•eg:•Ican’thelpbutseetheanswer.•c)Thereisnothingtodobut+do•除了这件事儿以外，没什么可做的。•d)havenochoice/alternative/optionbuttodosth.•除了这之外，没什么可选择的•Eg:Hehadnochoicebuttomarrythegirl.6)主语部分含有动词do的一定形式时，做主语补语的不定式可以省略to,也可保留to.•Eg:•1.Whatwe’lldois(to)talkwiththepatient.•2.Allhedidwas(to)makeotherswork.•3.Thethingtodois(to)cleantheroad.4．做简单回答或避免不必要的回答，动词不定式常省略to后的动词。•---DidyougotoseetheGreatWall?•---No,Iwantto,butIdidn’thavetime.•---Willyouhelpme?•---Iloveto./Iwilltryto.5．动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，或谓语动词的宾语需在逻辑主语前加介词for•Eg:•Iopenthedoorforhertocomein.*有时用“介词for/of+代词/名词”表示不定式的逻辑主语，但意思有区别：•比较:•1.Itisimportantforyoutouseyourtimewisely.•2.Itisbraveofhimtodrivefromthecliff.•Heisbrave.6.“be+todo“表事先预订或安排好了的意思，有劝告和命令的意思。•Eg:•1.ThedelegationistoreturnnextMonday.•2.Thequestionistobediscussedatthenextmeeting.7)表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。•eg:•1.I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.•2.Sheseemedtohaveforgottenherpromise.*Plan/hope/expect/should/wouldlike+tohavedone动词不定式，表示没有实现的行为•eg:•1.Heplannedtohavegoneaboard.•2.Ihopetohaveseenher.•3.Iwouldliketohavehadyourhelp.8)动词的进行式表示主要动作发生时，动词不定式的动作正在进行。•Eg:•1.theyseemtobetalkingaboutsth.important.•2.thetwoweaverspretendedtobeworkinghard.9)不定式的被动语态：它的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者。•Eg:•1.Thehousestobebuiltisfortheteachers.•2.Themedicalteamaskedtobesenttothefrontatonce.•3.Iamnottoblame.•4.Thehouseistolet.10)“too…to”,“enough…to”及其变体的意义A.“too…to”和“enough…to足够……能”的意义B.“too…to”变体的意义a)“not/nevertoo…to”表示肯定意思•eg:Iamnottoobusytocome.••(b)“too…notto”表示肯定意思•eg:Heistoosmartnottoseeyourpoint.•“•(c)“but/onlytoo”表示肯定的意义•eg:1.Heisbut(only)toogladtojoinus.•2.We’reonlytoohappytohaveyouwithus.B.“too…to”变体的意义a)“not/nevertoo…to”表示肯定意思•eg:Iamnottoobusytocome.•b)“too…notto”表示肯定意思•eg:Heistoosmartnottoseeyourpoint.c)“but/onlytoo”表示肯定的意义•eg:1.Heisbut(only)toogladtojoinus.•2.We’reonlytoohappytohaveyouwithus.分词分词包括：•现在分词V-ing•过去分词V-ed一作为谓语：•“be+现在分词”构成进行时•“be+过去分词”构成被动语态•“have/has/had+过去分词”构成完成时二作为非谓语形式•可作为形容词或副词，在句中充当定语、表语、补语、状语。仍保持动词的一般特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语。•注：过去分词只有一般形式，因本身有被动含义，所以没有被动式。•否定形式：“not+分词”•eg:•1.Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.•2.Walkingalongthesands,hesawthemarkofaman’sfootinthesand.•3.Notfearingthefire,thechildtouchedandgotafingerburnt.现在分词和过去分词的区别语态上时间上现在分词主动（表示它所修饰的人或物的行为）表示正在进行的动作过去分词被动（它所修饰的人或物是动作的承受者）表示已完成的动作试比较：boilingwater•developingcountry•anexcitingstory•amovingfilm•fallingsnow•boiledwater•developedcountry•excitedpeople•themovedchildren•fallensnow分词的句法功能•1.作宾语补语：catch,discover,feel,find,get,have,hear,keep,leave,make,notice,see,watch等词常用V-ing或-ed形式作宾语补语。•Eg:(1).Doyouseethecloudhoveringoverthesurfaceoftheearth?•试比较：Iheardhimtalkingtohismother.•Iheardhimtalktohismother.•Isawthemandrawapicture.•Isawthemandrawingapicture.2.作定语1)单个动词V-ing或-ed形式（一般放在被修饰的名词前）eg:(1)Whatanexcitingday!(2)Thepeoplequestionedaretwohighschoolstudents.2.V-ing短语作定语，一般放在修饰词后，相当于一个形容词从句。•Eg:•(1)TheyoungmansittingbetweenJohnandMaryistheeditorofthecampusnewspaper.（whoissittingbetween）•(2)Thefactorymakingtrucksislocatedatthefootofthemountain.(thatmakestrucks)注:•1.*如果形容词从句和主句时态不一致，则不能用V-ing形式短语代替。•Eg:TheyoungmanwhosatbetweenJohnandMaryyesterdaywillcometoourpartytomorrow.•2.*谓语动词是be或含有情态动词的形容词从句也不能用V-ing形式短语代替。•eg:1.Thosewhoarelatearenotallowedtocomeintotheclassroom.•2.WillyoufindaworkmanwhocanrepairtheTV?3.动词-ed形式短语作定语，一般放在被修饰词之后，表示先于谓语动词发生的动作，含有被动的意思，相当于一个定语从句。•Eg:•(1)heateupthecakemadebyhismother.(whichhadbeenmadeby)•(2)Anenginerunatmaximumspeedforalongtimemaystarttooverheat.(thatisrun)3.作状语1)表时间。一般放在句首，有时放在句中，前面加