2011级-第七讲-英国文学

•Lecture7The17thCentury(1)(1603-1642)•TheKingJamesBibleof1611•FrancisBacon•MetaphysicalPoets(JohnDonne,GeorgeHerbert)•CavalierPoets(BenJonson)TeachingContents•I.Historicalbackground•II.TheKingJamesBibleof1611•III.FrancisBacon(1561-1626)•IV.JohnDonne(1572-1631)•V.GeorgeHerbert(1593-1633)•VI.BenJonson(1572-1637)I.Historicalbackground:TheBourgeoisRevolution1)TheBurgherClassVS.TheMonarchy2)ThePuritans3)TheCivilWar(1stphase)4)Cromwell(2ndphase)5)TheGloriousRevolution(3rdphase)1)TheBurgherClassVS.TheMonarchy•TheKingvs.Parliament(P130)•ControllingTradevs.FreeTrade•ImposingHeavyTax•SellingMonopolies2)ThePuritans•CatholicChurch•TheProtestants•AnglicanChurch•ThePuritans(P130)ThePuritanswereasignificantgroupingofEnglishProtestantsinthe16thand17thcenturies•ThePuritanswereasignificantgroupingofEnglishProtestantsinthe16thand17thcenturies.•PuritanisminthissensewasfoundedbysomeMarianexilesfromtheclergyshortlyaftertheaccessionofElizabethIofEnglandin1558,asanactivistmovementwithintheChurchofEngland.•ProtestantismisoneofthemajordivisionswithinChristianity.•IthasbeendefinedasanyofseveralchurchdenominationsdenyingtheuniversalauthorityofthePopeandaffirmingtheReformationprinciplesofjustificationbyfaithalone,thepriesthoodofallbelievers,andtheprimacyoftheBibleastheonlysourceofrevealedtruthand,morebroadly,tomeanChristianityoutsideofanOrthodoxorCatholicchurch.•ItisamovementthatiswidelyseenasbeginninginGermanybyMartinLuther3)TheCivilWar(1642-1649)•TheKingvs.Parliament(1642)•CharlesIbeheaded(1649)4)Cromwell:AMilitaryDictator•OliverCromwell（1599—1658）•SuppressingtheDiggersandLevellers•PlunderingIreland•Greatbourgeoisievs.Pettybourgeoisie5)TheGloryRevolution•JamesII•MaryandWilliamofOrange•“TheBillofRights”•ConstitutionalMonarchyReignsinthe17thCenturyTimeRulerNotes1625--1649CharlesIThe2ndsonofJamesI,beheadedin16491649—1658OCromwellProtectoroftheCommonwealth/King1660—1685CharlesII2ndsonofCharlesI1685--1688JamesIIBrotherofCharlesII,dethronedaftertheGloriousRevolution1688--1702MaryII&WilliamIII1stdaughterofJamesIIWilliamofOrange,HollandII.TheKingJamesBibleof1611•OldTestament(P132)•NewTestament•Cademon•Bede•KingAlfred(Anglo-Saxon)•JohnWycliff(14thC.)•WilliamTyndale•MilesCoverade(16thC.)•TheKingJamesBibleIII.FrancisBacon(1561-1626)•SirFrancisBaconwasanEnglishphilosopher,statesman,scientist,jurist,oratorandauthor.•HeservedbothasAttorneyGeneralandLordChancellorofEngland.•Afterhisdeath,heremainedextremelyinfluentialthroughhisworks,especiallyasphilosophicaladvocateandpractitionerofthescientificmethodduringthescientificrevolution.OfGreatPlace•MENingreatplacearethriceservants:servantsofthesovereignorstate;servantsoffame;andservantsofbusiness.Soastheyhavenofreedom;neitherintheirpersons,norintheiractions,norintheirtimes.Itisastrangedesire,toseekpowerandtoloseliberty:ortoseekpoweroverothers,andtolosepoweroveraman'sself.Therisinguntoplaceislaborious;andbypains,mencometogreaterpains;anditissometimesbase;andbyindignities,mencometodignities.Thestandingisslippery,andtheregressiseitheradownfall,oratleastaneclipse,whichisamelancholything.谈高位王佐良译•居高位者乃三重之仆役：帝王或国家之臣，荣名之奴，事业之婢也。因此不论其人身、行动、时间，皆无自由可言。追逐权力，而失自由，有治人之权，而无律己之力，此种欲望诚可怪也。历尽艰难始登高位，含辛茹苦，唯得更大辛苦，有时事且卑劣，因此须做尽不光荣之事，方能达光荣之位。既登高位，立足难稳，稍一倾侧，即有倒地之虞，至少亦晦暗无光，言之可悲。OfStudies•OfStudiesisthemostpopularofBacon’s58essays.•Itanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyservefor,thedifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies,andhowstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter.•Forcefulandpersuasive,compactandprecise,OfStudiesrevealstousBacon’smatureattitudetowardslearning.读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。OfStudies(excerpts)Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。•Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoric，abletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmorse.•P147boldandingeniousconceits(奇喻,牵强附会的比喻)incongruousimagery,不协调的意象complexityofthought,思想的复杂frequentuseofparadox经常使用悖论、矛盾,andoftenbydeliberateharshnessorrigidityofexpression故意严厉或者表达僵硬.MetaphysicalPoets玄学派诗人•最早使用“玄学”这个词的人是德莱顿(JohnDryden),他在1693年评论邓恩时写道:“他喜弄玄学,不仅在他的讽刺诗中如此,在爱情诗中也如此。爱情诗本应言情,他却用哲学的微妙的思辨,把女性们的头脑弄糊涂了。”•18世纪英国批评家塞缪尔·约翰逊(SamuelJohnson)进一步分析了这一派的特点，他说:“玄学派诗人是一群有学问的人,他们的全部努力即是要表现他们的学问,他们习惯作哲理性的争辩诗,并且喜欢用大量牵强附会的意象。”Conceit奇喻•InEnglishliteraturethetermisgenerallyassociatedwiththe17thcenturymetaphysicalpoets.•“Aconceitisacomparisonwhoseingenuityismorestrikingthanitsjustness•“Acomparisonbecomesaconceitwhenwearemadetoconcedelikenesswhilebeingstronglyconsciousofunlikeness.——HelenGardnerHelenGardner(1908–1986)，anEnglishliterarycriticandacademic，IsbestknownforherworkonthepoetsJohnDonneandT.S.Eliot.IV.JohnDonne(1572-1631)•JohnDonnewasanEnglishpoet,sat