Unit 15英汉句法结构对比

Unit15英汉思维的差异抽象思维与形象思维直线思维与曲线思维复杂与简约主体突出与主客体交错树状与竹状替代与重复形合与意合静态与动态主语与主题树状与竹状英语句子是树状结构，主干如树干，各种成分一个一个挂靠上去，枝繁叶茂；而汉语句子是竹状结构，按时间或逻辑顺序，层层铺开，一节节连下去。因此，翻译时要注意树状与竹状结构间的转化．Wehavelearned…Thisisthecat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtherat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethecake.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethecakethatwasputinthehouse.ThisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethecakethatwasputinthehousethatJackbuilt.这就是那只猫。这就是那只捉住了老鼠的猫。---老鼠偷吃了蛋糕。---老鼠偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕。------屋子是杰克盖的。ExampleIThemoonissofarfromtheearththatevenifhugetreesweregrowingonthemountainsandelephantswerewalkingabout,wecouldnotseethemthroughthemostpowerfultelescopeswhichhavebeeninvented.月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大象在跑来跑去，我们用已经发明的最高倍率的望远镜也看不到它们．ExampleIIUponhisdeathin1826,JeffersonwasburiedunderastonewhichdescribedhimashehadwishedtoberememberedastheauthoroftheDeclarationonIndependenceandthefatheroftheUniversityofVirginia.1826年杰斐逊逝世.按他生前遗愿,在他墓地的石碑上刻着:独立宣言的作者,弗吉利亚大学创建人之墓.替代与重复这是英语和汉语的一个重要差异：英语重替代（即多用代词，包括人称代词、指示代词、不定代词和关系代词，还有表示替代的词so,do）；汉语重重复，重复现象比比皆是。Examplesreview我们的民族是一个伟大的民族。Oursisagreatnation/ournationisgreatone.革命是解放生产力，改革也是解放生产力。Revolutionmeanstheemancipationoftheproductiveforce,andsodoesreform.你答应了帮他就应当帮助他。Youshouldhelphimsinceyoupromisedtodoso.More任何人不得将个人利益置于国家利益和社会利益之上。Nobodyshallplacehisowninterestsabovethoseofthestateandthesociety.南北问题尖锐地摆在我们的面前，解决发展问题与解决和平问题同等迫切重要。TheNorth-Southrelationshavebecomeanacuteissue.Toseekdevelopmentandpeaceareequallyurgentandimportanttasks.Goon…中国一贯主张裁军，反对一切军备竞赛，既反对常规军备竞赛，更反对核军备竞赛；既反对地面上的军备竞赛，也反对在太空进行的军备竞赛。Chinaconsistentlystandsfordisarmamentandisopposedtoallkindsofarmsrace,whetheritisconventionalornuclear,onthegroundorinouterspace.Somefurtherthoughts四字格汉语中有大量的四字词组。四字格的特点是：内容言简意赅，形式整齐划一，语音顺口悦耳，表达效果形象生动．e.g.Buttherehadbeentoomuchpublicityaboutmycase.但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨,人人皆知了。Ihadbeencompletelyhonestinmyreplies,withholdingnothing.我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡,直言无隐。2.Eachonemustdohisutmostorthelaborofallisvain.每个人都必须竭尽全力，否则就会徒劳无益（前功尽弃）。Icongratulatemyselfonmynarrowescape.我庆幸自己死里逃生。我厂生产的地毯图案新颖、色调雅致、美丽大方、富丽堂皇。Thecarpetsmadeinourfactoryarebeautifulandmagnificentfortheirnoveldesignsandelegantcolors.形合与意合英语句子中各成分的相互结合多用适当的连接词语，而中文句子则多依靠语义的贯通，语境的映衬，少用连接词。即英文重形合，中文重意和。所以，在翻译中，要注意增减连接词。Examplesreview我买了7本书，一共7元钱。Iboughtsevenbookswhichcostme7Yuan.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?冬天来了，春天还会远么？IwenttodancewithagirlwhohasaSouthernaccent.我同一位操南方口音的姑娘跳舞。•小孩子受了惊吓就会哭。Littlechildrenwillcrywhentheyarefrightened.•他不愿意，我们干吗强迫他干？Whyshouldweforcehimtodoitifheisunwilling?More原文：近闻夫人健康如常，颇感欣慰。译文：ItisasupremecomforttomewhenIaminformedthatyouareashealthyasever.原文：亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。译文：Itisnottoolatetomendthefoldevenaftersomesheephavebeenlost.Especially关联词Evenifyougothere,therewon’tbeanyresult.原译：即使你去了也不会有什么结果。改译1：你去了也不会有什么结果。改译2：你去也白去。Thewindwassostrongthathefounditdifficulttokeeponhisfeet.原译：风如此之大，以致他发现站住脚很困难。改译：风太大了，他感到很难站稳。静态与动态英语叙述呈静态,汉语叙述呈动态。汉语倾向于多用动词，而英语则倾向于多用名词、介词短语、形容词等等。所以，在英译汉时，要注意从静态到动态的转化，而汉译英时则相反。英语介词译成汉语动词Hewalkedaroundthehousewithagun.他拿着枪，绕着屋子走。Heisamanabovevulgarinterests.他是一个脱离了低级趣味的人。AmanfromotherplanetsAmachineforcuttingpaperWentoutthroughtherain英语adj/adv译成汉语动词Therocketingpriceofhousinghastremendouslydampenedtheenthusiasmofpotentialhousebuyer.房价飙升，严重挫伤了潜在购房者的积极性。Whatfilmwillbeonthisevening?今晚放什么电影？辨别错误—虚假对应1.中国人有在正月十五晚上吃元宵、赏灯的习俗ChinesehavethecustomthattheyeatsweetdumplingsmadeofglutinousriceflourandappreciatefestivelanternsatthenightofJanuary15.错误之处：冠词、搭配、动词、介词、不忠于原文。改译：TheChinesehavethecustomofeatingyuanxiao(sweetdumplingsmadeofglutinousricefour)andwatchingfestivelanternsonthefifteentheveningofthefirstlunarmonth.其他译法：ThereisaChinesetraditionofeating…Accordingtocustom,peopleinChinaeat….Inchina,it’sthecustom(forpeople)toeat…2.他的不合作态度使这个项目进展十分缓慢。原译：Theprojectmakeslessprogressbecauseofhisincooperation.错误之处：时态；形容词比较级；名词改译1：Theprojectismakingveryslowprogressduetohislackofcooperation.改译2：Theprojectisproceedingratherslowlybecauseofhisuncooperativeness.其他译法：1.Hisuncooperativeattitudeaccountedfortheslowprogressoftheproject.2.Hisuncooperativeattituderesultedintheproject’sslowprogress.keys1.whoeverwantstojointhespringoutingshouldsignupandpaytheexpensesbeforeFriday.ThoseofyouwhowanttogoonthespringoutingarerequiredtosignupandhandinthepaymentbeforeFriday.Ifanyofyouwantstotakepartinthespringouting,pleasesignupandpayforitbeforeFriday.2.Ithinktheclothesintheshopwouldstillbetooexpensiveevenifwecouldgeta40percentdiscount.Inmyopinion,theclothesintheshoparestilltoohigh-pricedeveniftheyarediscountedby40percent.ThepriceoftheclothesintheshopisstillmorethanIwouldpayeveniftheyare40percentoff.3.Judgingbythecurrent/presentsituation,constructioncostofthisprojectwillexceedthebudgetbythirtypercent.Asitstands,constructionoftheprojectwilloverrunitsbudgetbythirtypercent.4.ifyoushouldwanttocancelthetrip,pleasenotifyusinwritingatleastonemonthinadvance.Ifbyanychanceyouwanttocancelthetrip,pleasegiveusatleastonemonth’swrittennotice.5.I’mafraiditisunlikelyforhimtoagreetosucharequest.Itseemsunlikelyforhimtograntsucharequest.Ther