《国际贸易》芬斯特拉版人大版练习题答案07

ForeignOffshoringofGoodsandServices1.ConsideranoffshoringmodelinwhichthelaborhoursoffouractivitiesintheUnitedStatesandMexicoareasfollows:NotethatlaborhoursinMexicoarefourtimesthoseintheUnitedStates,reflectingMexico’slowerproductivity.Alsonotethattheratioofhigh-skilledtolow-skilledlaborusedineachactivityincreasesaswemovetotheright,from1/5inassemblyto10/1inR&D.SupposethatthewageofU.S.low-skilledworkersis$10perhourandthatofhigh-skilledworkersis$25perhourandthatthewageofMexicanlow-skilledworkersis$1perhourandthatofhigh-skilledworkersis$5perhour(thesevaluesaremadeuptobeconvenient,notrealistic).Alsosupposethatthetradecostsare25%,30%,or50%,whichmeansthatanadditional25%,30%,or50%isaddedtothecostsofoff-shoringtoMexico.a.Fillintheblankcellsinthefollowingtablebycomputingthecostsofproduc-tionofeachactivityineachcountry(twocellsarefilledinforyou).S-557AssemblyProductionServicesComponentOfficeR&DLow-skilledlaborMexico:20Mexico:12Mexico:8Mexico:4U.S.:5U.S.:3U.S.:2U.S.:1High-skilledlaborMexico:4Mexico:4Mexico:8Mexico:40U.S.:1U.S.:1U.S.:2U.S.:10High-/Low-skilledratio1/51/31/110/1R&D,researchanddevelopment.HoursofLaborUsedinEachActivity(PerUnitofOutput)Answer:Initalicsinthefollowingtable:b.Withtradecostsof50%,whereisthevaluechainsliced?Thatis,whichactivitiesarecheapertoimportfromMexicoandwhicharecheapertoproduceintheUnitedStates?Answer:Withtradecostsof50%,assemblyandcomponentproductionaredoneinMexicobecausethegrosscostsofimportingtheseactivitiesarelowerthantheirrespectivecostsintheUnitedStates.Ontheotherhand,officeservicesandR&DactivitiesaredoneintheUnitedStates.c.Withtradecostsof30%,andthen25%,whereisthevaluechainsliced?Answer:Withtradecostsof25%,allactivitiesareoffshoredtoMexico,whereaswithtradecostsof30%,assembly,componentproduction,andofficeservicesaredoneinMexico(R&DisstilldoneintheUnitedStates).2.ConsideranoffshoringmodelinwhichHome’shigh-skilledlaborhasahigherrela-tivewagethanForeign’shigh-skilledlaborandinwhichthecostsofcapitalandtradeareuniformacrossproductionactivities.a.WillHome’soffshoredproductionactivitiesbehighorlowonthevaluechainforagivenproduct?Thatis,willHomeoffshoreactivitiesthatarehigh-skilled-labor-intensiveorlow-skilled-labor-intensive?Explain.Answer:ThehighrelativewageofHomehigh-skilledlabormakeshigh-skilled-labor-intensiveactivitiesmoreexpensiveatHomerelativetoForeign.Equiva-lently,thelowrelativewageoflow-skilledlabormakeslow-skilled-labor-intensiveactivitieslessexpensiveatHomerelativetoForeign.Asaresult,HomewillundertakeproductionactivitiesloweronthevaluechainwhileoffshoringhighervalueactivitiestoForeign.b.SupposethatHomeuniformlyincreasesitstarifflevel,effectivelyincreasingthecostofimportingallgoodsandservicesfromabroad.Howdoesthisaffecttheslicingofthevaluechain?Answer:Auniformincreaseinthetarifflevelcausesfeweractivitiestobeoff-shored.Theslicingofthevaluechainreflectsthisincreasedcostasarightwardshift;HomeexpandsthesetofactivitiesthatitdoesatHometoincludeincre-mentallyhighervalueactivities,whereasthesetofhighvalueoffshoredactivitiesshrinks.c.DrawrelativelaborsupplyanddemanddiagramsforHomeandForeignshow-ingtheeffectofthischange.Whathappenstotherelativewageineachcoun-try?Answer:AnexpansioninthesetofproductionactivitiesdoneatHome(toin-cludehighervalueones)increasestheaverageskillintensityofHomeproduc-tion.Thisincreasestherelativedemandforhigh-skilledlaboratHome.Simi-larly,becauseForeignceasestodoitsleastskill-intensiveactivities,theaverageS-56Solutions■Chapter7ForeignOffshoringofGoodsandServicesComponentAssemblyProductionOfficeServicesR&DMexico$40$32$48$204UnitedStates$75$55$70$260ImportedbyU.S.fromMexico,$50$40$60$255Tradecosts25%ImportedbyU.S.fromMexico,$52$41.6$62.4$265.2Tradecosts30%ImportedbyU.S.fromMexico,$60$48$72$306Tradecosts50%R&D,researchanddevelopment;U.S.,UnitedStates.skill-intensityinForeignincreasesandhencetherelativedemandforhigh-skilledlaborincreases.Seethefollowingfigure.3.ConsideraU.S.firm’sproductionofautomobiles,includingR&Dandcomponentproduction.a.Startingfromano-tradeequilibriuminaPPFdiagram,illustratethegainsfromoffshoringiftheUnitedStateshascomparativeadvantageincomponentpro-duction.Answer:Seethefollowingfigure,wheretheoffshoringequilibriumisBandC.Solutions■Chapter7ForeignOffshoringofGoodsandServicesS-57High-/Low-skilledLabor,H/LHigh-/Low-skilledLabor,H*/L*High-/Low-skilledWages,WH/WLABA*B*HomesupplyForeignsupplyHomedemandForeigndemand(a)Home(b)ForeignHigh-/Low-skilledWages,WH*/WL*ComponentsSlope=(PC/PR)ASlope=(PC/PR)WU.S.firmimportsofR&DU.S.firmexportsofcomponentsCAY1Y0BR&Db.Nowsupposethatadvancesinengineeringabroaddecreasetherelativepriceofresearchanddevelopment.IllustratethischangeonyourdiagramandstatetheimplicationsforproductionintheUnitedStates.Answer:Seethefollowingfigure,wherethenewequilibriumisBandC.c.DoestheU.S.firmgainfromadvancesinresearchanddevelopmentabroad?Explainwhyorwhynot.Answer:BecausetheUnitedStatesimportsR&Dandexportscomponents,adecreaseintherelativepriceofR&DabroadrepresentsanimprovementintheU.S.termsoftrade;asaresult,U.S.outputincreasestoY2sotherearegainsfortheU