英语中性别歧视现象及女权运动对它的影响

20026()June,2002212JournalofWesternChongqingUniversity(SocialSciencesEdition)Vol121No12X(,400715)[]()2060,,,,[];();[]G112[]A[]16717546(2002)02003707[9],,,,1922,OttoJesperson2060,,,Lakoff,Trudgill,Zim2merman,West,Thorne,Henley,80,Bolinger,2060,,,,,,,-ess,-ix,-n,-ine,-enne,-trixNilsen200/(),,,mayorMayoressheirHeiresssailorSailoretteusherUsherteet73X[]20011221[](1979),,,sculptorSculptressheroHeroinecountCountess,,ess,,,author,poet,authoress,poetessette,coquette()suffragette(),Millerswift,,,,man,,,he,his,him,himself:AllmenarecreatedequalCrys2tal1987,4man:mankind,manpower,Englishman,chairman,policeman,statesman,milkman,Laundryman,post2man,man-to-man,man-hour,manslayer,mankiller,man-trap,sportsmanship.:,:callboycallgirlladmaidSirmadam(,)()()()(,)(),,tart,,,,,,Crystalsynonymofprostitute,prostitute500,5Roget,libertine()48,,premier,professor,lawyer,surgeon,mayor,engineer,musician,novelist,doctor,architect,machinist,nutritionist,painter,astro2naut,,female,ladywoman,madamFemalesurgeon/scientist/judgeLadylawyer/doctorWomanengineerMadamchairman,,,,,effeminate(,),emasculate(),her-pecked(),:Heisalooseman.()Sheisaloosewoman.(),:AdamandEve,heandshe,boyandgirl,manandwoman,brothersandsisters,hostandhostess,RomeoandJuliet,KingandQueen.11,;,,;Gomm(1981)14(,,),,:,,,,83(mm,yeah,sortof,may,might,could,would)Fishman(1987:87),,,(),,2112%30%21%34%3,christian-christianiapaul-paulaGlen-GlendaRobert-RobertaJacqual-JacquelineStephen-Stephanie,Miss+,Mrs.+,,,,,Mr.+,,,youmanandwife,man,womanwife,JohnmarriesMary,JohnismarriedtoMaryMaryisJohnswidow,,JohnisMaryswidower,,,Dr.WhiteandMrs.White,,,,,,,professor,:HurricaneBesty(),Venusflytrap()31,,:cheesecake(),cherry(),cookie(),crampet(),tart(),tomato(),afairwomanwith2outvirtueislikepalledwine(),,stud(),buck(),wolf()41,:Frailty,thynameiswoman.(,)Womanismadetoweep.()Womenhasnosouls.()Beautyandfollyareoftencompanions.(,)Trustnotawomanwhensheweeps.()Amanisamanthoughhehasbutahoseonhishead.(,),,,,:Godcreatedtheman,andfindinghimnotsufficientlyalone,gavehimacompaniontomakehimfellhissoli2tudemorekeenly.PaulValeryGodcreatedwoman,andindeedthatwastheendofboredom,butofotherthingstoo!WomanwasGodssec2onderror.Fridech,Eve,Adam,Eve,,93,,,,,51Wolfson(1984),,,,,,,,,:,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,(),,,,WestZimmerman,,(),,,,2060,(),,,,He,his,himselfThey,he/she,she/he,their,themselves,(s)he,tay(heorshe),ter(herorhim),tem(hisorher),she(sheorhe)04chairmanchair/charpersonbusinessmanbusinesspersonmailmanmailcarrierdraftmandraftpersonsalesmansalespersonmanhoodadulthoodmankindhumanracefishermanfisherforemanSupervisormilkmanDeliverHolmes,,blankwomenNegroes,Jewishwomenjewess,Ms.,,husbandandwifemanandwife,:Areyouwillingtolove,honorandcherishyourhusband?,Areyouwillingtolove,honor,obeyyourhusband?GodoffatherGodofgeneration,Godofourmother,GodofSarsrh,Rebekah,LeachGodofourfathers,GodofAbraham,IssaalandA2cob,,manper2son,,he,salesman,storeman,postman,firemanELT,:,he,she,her,heorshe,they,themstudents,teachers,,:they,,()theyhe,sheorhe,he/she,,shehe,s/he,tay,tem,chairmanchairperson,craftperson,dustperson,sportspersonship,markspersonship?,history,,,Nenberg90,,essMs.,?,,,,MissPenelope1990Ms.chairperson,spokesperson,,??14,Langer:,,,,,:154:::3,her,him,she,he,sheorhe,they::,,,,(student,teacher,classmate):Partonechoosingandfilling1)Thatpersonismyfriend,andisastudent.2)ismyclassmate.3)Assoonasyoumeetyourclassmate,tellthisgoodnewsto.(he,she,him,her,heorshe,they)Parttwolisteninganddrawing1)MacDonaldispopularfoodinAmerica.Manypeoplelikeit.Look,thatoneissohappywhenhe/sheiseatinghamburger.2)Severalstudentsaresohappyaftertheirentranceexam.Smileappearsoneveryonesface.Imagineapic2tureofthemwhentheyarecomingoutoftheexaminationhall.:,,(),,,,(,):(1)(:80%,:84%),(1:6%7%,;2:13%27%)(:F:M:,,=:)(2),(80%)(51%),(31%)(10%)24(3)(17%)(10%)(4)(57%)(43%),()(),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,[][1]Elizabeth,Gordon.Sex,speechandstereotypes:whywomenuseprestigespeechformsmorethanmen[J].LanguageinSociety,1997(24):4763.[2]Hirschman,Female-maledifferencesinconversationalinteraction[J].LanguageinSociety,1994,(23):427442.[3]Hudson,R.A.Sociolinguistics[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1978.[4]Khosroshahi,Fatemeh.Penguinsdontcare,butwomando:AsocialidentityanalysisofaWhorfianProblem[J].Languageinsociety,1989,(18):505525.[5]KlerkD.Vivian.Howtabooaretaboowordsforgirls[J].LanguageinSociety,1992,(21):277289.[6]Robert,K.Herbert.Sex-baseddifferenceincomplimentbehavior[J].Languageinsociety,1990,(19):201204.[7]Samoar,LaryA.,RichardE.PorterandLisaA.Stefani.Communicationacrosscultures[M].WadsworthPublishingCompany,1985.[8]SusanErlichandRuthKing.Feministmeaningandthe(de)politicizationofthelexicon[J].LanguageinSociety,1994;(23):5976.[9],1[M].:,1989.[10],1[J].,1992,(4):140147.[11]1[M].:,1997.[12]1[J].,1996,(2):1826.[13],[J].,2000,(3):2425,54.[14],,1[J].,1994,(1):116122.(91)34,,,[52]()(LesTempsmoderns)::??,,:,,[53]198112,,,[54],,19551999,1955197520,:1955,()?,,,,,1958510:,,,,,[55]:,,[56],27,,,[57]()(43)SexismPhenomenoninEnglishandInfluenceofWomensLiberationMovementonItLIUDan(ForeignLanguageCollege,SouthwestChinaNorm