Unit 7 British Education

Unit7BritishEducationSystemIntroductionWhatisthepurposeofschoolinyouropinion?When,where,howandwhatdoyouthinkchildrenshouldbetaught?Iscorporalpunishmentnecessaryinteachingnaughtychildren?Shouldallstudentsspeakinastandardisedway?Caneducationinfluenceaperson’ssocialclassidentification?HistoryIseducationinequalityahistoricalproblem?WhatisthefunctionoftheMinistryofEducationinBritain?WhatisthefunctionofchurchesinBritisheducation?Whatmusteveryschoolteachthestudents?—religiouseducationListthemajorchangesofeducationsysteminthehistory.ThePresentEducationSystemWhatdoyouknowaboutBritisheducation?Isitcompulsory?Cantheparentschooseschoolsfortheirchildrenfreely?Whendothechildrenstudyatprimaryschool?Whenatsecondaryschool?Whocanattenduniversity?Dotheyneedtositanyexams?TypesofSchools—Primary&SecondaryGenerallyspeaking,therearetwosystemsofprimaryandsecondaryeducationinBritain—thestateschoolandpublicschool.Theformerisinthemajority;thelatterisfewinnumberbutofgreatinfluence.1.PrimarySchools:from5(4inNorthernIreland)uptotheageofeleven.AllchildrenintheU.K.mustreceiveafulltimeeducationfromtheageoffivetosixteen.Educationatthisstageiscompulsory.A.Inthestateprimaryschools,therearetwosections—infantsectionandjuniorsection.a.Compulsoryeducationbeginsattheageoffivewhenchildrenattend“infants”schoolor“FirstSchool”,whichareco-educational.Attheageofseven,theyenterjuniorschools.b.Twothirdsprimaryschoolsarewhollymaintainedbythelocalauthorities.Onethirdbelongtochurches,whichprovidegeneraleducationandreligiousinstruction.c.ParallelclassesaredescribedwithA,BandC,aclassiscalledaform,nevergrade,andthetopclassshouldbecalledtheSixth.d.Religion,English,Maths,History,Geography,NatureStudies,Hygiene,Arthandicraft,MusicandPhysicalEducationaretaught.B.Intheprivateprimaryschool,thepreparatoryschoolsarepopularlyknownasprepschools.a.Theindependentschoolsareforchildrenfromsevenoreightuptothirteen.b.Themainpurposeisthe“commonentrance”examinationforadmissiontoapublicschool.c.Beforeprepschool,theycometoasmallprivateschool.2.SecondarySchools:A.Differentpatternsofsecondaryschools:two-tierpattern:juniorhigh11-14&seniorhigh14-18sixthformcolleges:15-18,doingadvancedworkthreeparts:primary5-9,middle9-13,senior13-18generallyaccepted:11-18B.Twosystemsforsecondaryeducation:theselectiveandthecomprehensiveC.Therearevariousschools.D.AccordingtoEducationActin1944,sufficientvarietyofschoolsshouldbeprovidedtocaterfortheabilitiesandattitudesofthestudents.E.Resultsoftheexamination:a.Thosewithhighestmarksgotogrammarschools.b.Othersgototechnicalschools.c.Therestgotosecondarymodernschools.3.Publicschools:notprivateinthefullestsenseA.Mostpublicschoolsarecalledbythenameofthetownorvillageinwhichtheyarelocated;somearecalled“College”.B.Everypublicschoolhasmanyrulesandcustomspeculiartoitself.C.Thepublicschoolsaimatshapingcharactersaswellasindividuality.EtonCollegeWinchesterCollegeD.Twofactorsinpubliceducation:a.thestudyofclassicsandscience:aristocraticinfluenceandtheneedsofbourgeoisieb.thedevelopmentof“character”:teamspirit&leadershipthroughgamesE.Eachpublicschoolhasaboardofgovernors.F.BritainistheonlycountryinEuropeinwhichphysicalpunishmentisexercised.III.TypesofUniversities1.olduniversities2.thefourScottishuniversities(15thand16thC.)3.themiddle-ageduniversities(1830to1930)A.DurhamUniversityin1832,thefirstEnglishuniversityafterOxfordandCambridgeB.UniversityofLondon:1836,twentycollegesandschoolsC.UniversityofWales:federationofsevencollegesAllwerefundedbyprivatedonors.4.thenewuniversities(afterWWII)A.Theyconcentratemostlyonscienceandtechnology.B.Studentschoosethenewuniversitiesbecauseofthe“modern”approach.C.Allthestudentspayfeesbutgetpersonalgrantortakejobs.5.theOpenUniversityandtheoneindependentuniversityA.TheOpenUniversitywasfoundedin1969.itisamostinterestinginnovationofhighereducation.Itisopenedtoeverybodywithoutformalqualification.TheuniversityofferscoursesthroughoneoftheBBC’stelevisionchannelsandbyradio,andhastutorsandcounselorsalloverBritain.Itisthecheapestandmostfar-reachingmethod.B.BuckinghamUniversityisanindependentuniversitywhichwasestablishedin1973andisrunbyanumberofacademicandvocationalfiguresandbusinessmen.IV.OxfordandCambridge1.OXFORDUNIVERSITYA.Motto:TheLordismyLightB.Size:a.57milesnorth-westofLondon.b.Atotalpopulationof140000peopleC.ABriefHistorya.Teachingexistedinsomeformin1096anddevelopedrapidlyfrom1167.b.Inthe18thcentury,itwasagoodportofscientificdiscoveryandreligiousrevival.c.TheUniversityassumedaleadingroleintheVictorianera,esp.inreligiouscontroversy.d.From1878,academichallswereestablishedforwomen.e.Since1974,itadmittedbothmenandwomen.f.Duringthe20thcentury,itaddednewresearchcapacityinthenaturalandappliedscience,includingmedicine.g.Nowithas17664studentsandover7000staff.2.CAMBRIDGEUNIVERESITYA.Motto:Fromhere,lightandsacreddraughts.B.Features:a.Oneoftheoldestuniversitiesintheworld,andoneofthelargestintheUK.b.World-widereputationforoutstandingacademicachievementandthehighqualityofresearchinscienceandartssubjects.C.ABriefHistorya.In1209,scholarstakingre