大学英语词汇学英语构词法完整版

2020/3/13丰国欣：《英语词汇学》ChapterTwoWordStructureandWordFormationComponentsofWordStructureTypesofMorphemesWordFormation2020/3/13丰国欣：《英语词汇学》ComponentsofWordStructureMorpheme:Morphemeis“thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords”(Crystal,1985).Wordsaremadeofmorphemes.Wordtypes:1)One-morphemewords:log,clerk,soldier,etc.2)Tow-morphemewords:lovely,inexpensive,kindness,etc.3)Three-morphemewords:unacceptable,unskillful,etc.4)More-morphemewords:unskillfully,unimportantly,etc.2020/3/13丰国欣：《英语词汇学》TypesofMorphemesContentmorphemesarethebasisofwords’meanings.Sometimestheycanbeusedindependently.Forexample,“teach”in“teacher”and“hope”in“hopeful”carrythebasicmeaningsofthetwowordsandtheycanalsobeusedindependently.Inthiscase,somescholarscallthemfreemorphemes,whichimplythattheycanexistfreelyandfunctionasthebasicunitsofasentence.Theyarealsoconsideredroots.2020/3/13丰国欣：《英语词汇学》TypesofMorphemesGrammaticalmorphemesaretheadditionalmeaningsorgrammaticalmeaningsandareattachedtocontentmorphemes,andthenformwords.Inthiscase,somescholarscallthemboundmorphemes.Forexample,“un-”in“unkind”and“-full”in“hopeful”aregrammaticalmorphemesandcannotbeusedindependently.Infact,theyareaffixes.1)Somegrammaticalmorphemessharelexicalmeanings,suchasun-,in-,-ful,dis-,-able,im-,etc.2)Somegrammaticalmorphemesdonotshareanylexicalmeaningsandonlyindicatevariousgrammaticalforms,suchas–s,-ly,-ize,-ion,-ness,-ed,-ing,etc.2020/3/13丰国欣：《英语词汇学》TypesofMorphemesEnglishstemscanbecategorizedintotwotypes:1)Derivedstemscanbedividedintoseveralmorphemeswhicharecomposedofoneortwocontentmorphemesandoneortwogrammaticalmorphemes.Forexample,in“chopper”,“chop-”isacontentmorpheme;“-er”isagrammaticalmorphemewhileandin“doorman”both“door-”and“–man”arecontentmorphemes.AndStephenUllmanncallsthemtransparentwords（显性词）.2)Non-derivedstemsrefertoindependentcontentmorphemesthatcannotbefurtheranalyzed.Forexample,“axe,glove,book,etc.”areallnon-derivedstems.AndStephenUllmanncallsthemopaquewords(隐性词).2020/3/13丰国欣：《英语词汇学》TypesofMorphemesMorphemeisalinguisticabstractionandaconcept.Itisrealizedinaspecificlinguisticforms,i.e.morphs（形素）.“Theyareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.”(BolingerandSears,1981)Morphemesareputinbraces（大括号）.Take“big”forexample.Itsmorphemeis｛big｝,itssoundformis[big]anditswritingformis“big”.Inmanycases,severalformsthatarecalledallomorphsrepresentonemorpheme.Takethepluralmorpheme｛s｝forexample.Itcanberepresentedbythethreemorphemicforms[s],[z]and[iz].Thethreemorphemicformsareconsideredtheallomorphsof｛s｝,asincats,dogs,liesandbuses.2020/3/13丰国欣：《英语词汇学》WordFormationPrevue:TheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyonwordformation.Thereisavarietyofmeansbeingatworknow.Themostproductiveareaffixation,compoundingandconversion.AccordingtoPylesandAlgeo(1982),wordsproducedthroughaffixationconstitute30%to40%ofthetotalnumberofnewwords;compoundingyields28%to30%ofallthenewwords;conversionbrings26%ofthenewvocabularyintomodernEnglish.Therestofthenewwordscomefromshorteningincludingclippingandacronymy,numbering8%to10%,togetherwith1%to5%ofwordsbornoutofblendingandothermeans.2020/3/13丰国欣：《英语词汇学》WordFormationAffixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestobases.Thisprocessisalsocalledderivation,bywhichnewwordsarederivedfromoldorbaseforms.Thewordscreatedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.Accordingtothepositionsaffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintotwosubcategories:prefixation(prefix)andsuffixation(suffix).2020/3/13丰国欣：《英语词汇学》WordFormation1.Prefixation:Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestobases.Prefixesdonotchangethewordclassofthebasebutonlymodifyitsmeaning.1)Negativeprefixesa-:meaning“not,without,oppositeto”asinapolitical,asexual,asocial,etc.dis-:meaning“not,theconverseof”asindisobey,discredit,disloyal,disorder,etc.in-(il-,ir-,im-):samemeaningasdis-asininaudible,illiterate,improbable,etc.non-:meaning“not,nothavingthequalitiesorcharacteristics”asinnonsmoker,etc.un-:thesamemeaningasdis-asinunwillingly,unbuilt,undemocratic,etc.2020/3/13丰国欣：《英语词汇学》WordFormation2)Reversativeorprivateprefixes(逆反前缀)de-:meaning“reversingtheaction,deprivingof”,withnounsasindecentralize,demystify,dehumanize,etc.dis-:meaning“reversingtheaction”,withverbsasindisallow,dispossess,etc.un-:themeaningasde-withverbsasinunbug,unlock,unwrap;butmeaning“deprivingof,releasingfrom”inlimitedusewithnounstomakeverbsasinunseat,unhorse,unmask,etc.3)Pejorativeprefixes(贬义前缀)2020/3/13丰国欣：《英语词汇学》WordFormationmal-:meaning“badly,bad”addedtoverbs,participles,adjectives,andabstractnouns,asinmaltreat,malformed,malodorous,malpractice,etc.mis-:meaning“wrongly,astray”,addedtoverbs,participlesandabstractnouns,asinmisinterpret,mistrust,misleading,etc.pseudo-:meaning“false,imitation”,addedtonouns,adjectives,asinpseudo-scientific,pseudo-classicism,pseudo-democratic,etc.2020/3/13丰国欣：《英语词汇学》WordFormation4)Prefixesofdegreeorsizearch-:meaning“supreme,most”,withhumannouns,asinarchbishop,archduke,arch-enemy,arch-capitalist,etc.co-:meaning“jointly,onequalfooting”,usedwithverbsandnouns,e.g.cohab