非谓语动词

非谓语动词一、非谓语动词的意义非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。非谓语动词可以充当的句子成分（了解）主语宾语补语表语定语状语不定式√√√√√√动名词√√√√分词√√√√非谓语动词的各种形式及意义（掌握）非谓语动词表示意义一般形式完成形式与逻辑主语间关系过去分词被动完成done（动作在谓语动词之前已结束）被动现在分词主动进行doing（动作和谓语动词同时发生）havingdone（动作在谓语动词之前发生）主动beingdone（动作和谓语动词同时发生）havingbeendone（≈done）（动作在谓语动词之前发生）被动不定式目的将来todo（动作在谓语动词之后发生）tohavedone（动作在谓语动词之前发生）主动tobedone（动作在谓语动词之后发生）tohavebeendone（动作在谓语动词之前发生）被动二、常见非谓语动词的用法上表中列出了各种非谓语动词。高考中常考的是下表中的七种非谓语动词。根据非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间的关系，我们可以将高考中常考的七种非谓语动词分类如下：非谓语动词与逻辑主语间的关系非谓语动词的形式主动Doing（动作和谓语动词同时发生，或者基本上同时发生）Havingdone（动作在谓语动词之前发生）Todo（动作在谓语动词之后发生）被动Done（动作在谓语动词之前已结束，或者不强调动作发生的具体时间）Beingdone（动作和谓语动词同时发生）Havingbeendone（动作在谓语动词之前发生）Tobedone（动作发生在非谓语动词之后）现对这七种非谓语动词举例如下：Thetowerstandinginthecenterofthesquareisthesymbolofthecity.（现在分词standing作定语，表示主动。）Standinginthecenterofthesquare,thetoweristhesymbolofthecity.（现在分词standing作状语，表示主动。）Theteacherkilledintheearthquakeisrespectedbythewholenation.(过去分词killed作定语，表示被动。)Killedintheearthquake,theteacherisrespectedbythewholenation.（过去分词killed作状语，表示被动。）Thenationbeingthreatenedbynuclearradiationiscallingforhelp.（beingthreatened作定语，表示被动+进行。）Beingthreatenedbynuclearradiation,thenationiscallingforhelp.（beingthreatened作状语，表示被动+进行。）Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.（tolivein作定语，表示目的+将来。）Heworkedhardtoearnenoughmoneyforanewhouse.（toearn作状语，表示目的+将来）Havingdevotedtheirentirelifetothenation,thescientistsarehonoredbythepresident.（havingdevoted作状语，表示主动+完成。注意：havingdone不作定语。）Havingbeencompletelydestroyedbythestorm,thebridgeisoutofuse.（havingbeendestroyed作状语，表示被动+完成。注意：havingbeendone不作定语。）三、能够充当定语的非谓语动词充当定语的非谓语动词例句用法要点doingThenundedicatingherwholelifetothepoorhasbeenrewardedtheNobelPeacePrize.Themovingcastlehasattractedmanypeople’sattention.动作由所修饰的名词主动发出。todoHeistherightmantodothejob.动作由所修饰的名词theman主动发出。doneThematerialusedbythefactoryisfromThailand.Thedestroyedbridgeneedsrepairing.所修饰的名词“被使用、被破坏”。beingdoneThebridgebeingbuiltbytheworkerswillbefinishedbeforeDecember.所修饰的名词“正在被建造”。tobedoneThequestiontobediscussedattomorrow’smeetingisveryimportant.问题“将要被讨论”。对上述五种能够充当定语的非谓语动词，根据动作与所修饰名词的主动、被动关系，可以作如下分类：作定语，且表示主动作定语，且表示被动doing（主动+进行，或者不强调具体时间）todo（主动+将来）done（被动+完成，或者不强调具体时间）beingdone（被动+进行）tobedone（被动+将来）四、能够充当状语的非谓语动词充当状语的非谓语动词例句用法要点doingWalkingaroundthepark,theoldladysuddenlysawawallet.主动+进行havingdoneHavingreceivedallkindsofawards,theactressdecidedtoretire.主动+完成havingbeendoneHavingbeenputintoprisonfortwentyyears,themanistotallydespaired.被动+完成beingdoneBeingattackedbyaseriousdisease,peopleinthevillageshowtheircouragetotheworld.被动+进行doneGivenanotherhour,Icanalsoworkoutthisproblem.被动+完成todoHeseldomboughtexpensiveclothestosavemoney.Toseethepaintingclearly,theoldmanhadtoputonhisglasses.主动+目的tobedoneTobefinishedontime,theworkrequiresgreatefforts.被动+将来对上述七种能够作状语的非谓语动词，根据动作与主语的主动、被动关系，可以作如下分类：作状语，且表示主动作状语，且表示被动Doing：主动+进行，或者不强调具体时间Havingdone：主动+完成，强调动作发生在谓语动词之前。注意havingdone不能做定语修饰名词。Todo：主动+目的Done：被动+完成，或者不强调具体时间。Beingdone：被动+进行。Havingbeendone：被动+完成，强调动作发生在谓语动词之前。注意havingbeendone不能作定语修饰名词。Tobedone：被动+将来。五、非谓语动词作补语不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语。我们先分析不定式作补语的情形：带to的不定式作补语Allow/advise/ask/beg/cause/encourage/expect/forbid/force/get/intend/invite/like/love/order/persuade/prefer/require/teach/tell/remind/want/warn/wish/waitfor/callon/dependonsb.todosth.不带to的不定式作补语①感官动词：lookat/see/watch/notice/observe/listento/hear/feelsb.dosth.②使役动词：let/make/havesb.dosth.现在分词和过去分词可以放在感官动词和使役动词后面作宾语补足语。结合各种情形，我们现对常考的感官动词和使役动词的用法总结如下：letLetsb.dosth.让某人做某事letthebulletflyLetsb./sth.bedone让某人/某事被……lettheworkbefinishedontime注意：没有letsb./sth.done的结构makeMakesb.dosth.让某人做某事Youcan’tmakeeveryonefeelsatisfied.Makesb./sth.done让某人/某事被……Theteacherhadtoshouttomakehimselfheard.注意：没有makesb.doingsth.的结构haveHavesb.dosth.让某人做某事Havesb.doingsth.让某人一直做某事Havesb./sth.done让某人/某事被……Motherhadmegototheshopandbuysomesalt.It’srudeofyourtohaveanoldmanwaitingintherainfortwohours.Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.注意：havesb./sth.done时，意味着动作不是由主语发出的，而是由别人完成。getGetsb.todosth.让某人去做某事Getsb.doingsth.让某人开始行动起来做某事Getsb./sth.done让某人/某事被……Youwillnevergethimtounderstand.Thecaptaingotthesoldiersmovingtowardsthedestinationafterashortrest.IwanttogetmyclotheswashedintheLaundromat.注意：getsb./sth.done时，意味着动作不是由主语发出，而是由别人完成。注意：上面三个举行get都作“使、让”解。当get作“得到”解时，有两个句型：getsth.todo&getsth.tobedone。前者意为“有一些事情要做”，后者意为“有一些事情要让别人去做”。I’vegotanewbooktoread.我有一本新书要读。I’vegotalettertobesent.我有一封信要让人送出去。leaveLeavesb.doingsth.让某人一直做某事Leavesb.todosth.留下某人做某事Leavesth.undone留下某事未做Leavesth.tobedone留下某事要做It’swrongofyoutoleavethemachinerunning.Heleftmetodoalltherestofthework.Theguestsleftmostofthedishesuntouched,whichmadeusreallydepressed.Thebosssuddenlywentout,leavingmanyproblemstobesettled.感官动词5看：lookat/see/watch/notice/observe2听：listento/hear1感觉：feel下面以see为例来分析：Seesb.dosth看见某人做了某事（主动，完成）Seesb.doingsth.看见某人正在做某事（主动，正在进行）Seesb./sth.done看见某人/某事被……（被动，完成，或者不强调时间性）Seesb./sth.beingdone看见某人/某事正在被……Isawthelittlebabygrowintoasweetgirl.IsawthegirlpaintingwhenIopenedthedoor.Isawtheoldmangreetedbyagroupofyoungmen.IsawthewaiterbeingscoldedbythebosswhenIpassedbythere