虚拟语气和主谓一致

主谓一致“一致”（concord或agreement）指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”的方面的一致关系，这又叫做“主-动一致”（Subject-verbConcord）。指导原则1.语法一致原则（GrammaticalConcord)主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。Thenumberoferrorswassurprising.JaneandMarylookalike.2.意义一致原则（NotionalConcord）1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词为复数。Thecrowdwererunningfortheirlives.单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people,police,cattle,militia等。2)主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。Thenewswasveryexciting.形复意单的单词有news,works（工厂）和一些以ics结尾的学科名称，physics,economics等。3.就近原则（PrincipleofProximity）谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…,butalso等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。EitheryourstudentsorMr.Wangknowsthis.I.以S结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致1.以S结尾的表示疾病的名词作主语时谓语用单数arthritis:关节炎bronchitis:支气管炎mumps:腮腺炎diabetes:糖尿病phlebitis:静脉炎但是measles(麻疹)，rickets(软骨病)谓语可用单/复数2.以S结尾的表示游戏名称的名词谓语常用单数darts:投镖游戏dominoes:多米诺骨牌marbles:打弹子游戏billiards:台球但cards(打纸牌)用复数；当它们表示所用工具时谓语用复数DartsisoftenplayedinEnglishpubs.Twodartsarethrownateveryturn.3.以ics结尾的学科名称通常用单数mathematics:数学physics:物理学optics:光学statistics:统计学politics:政治学acoustics:声学/音响效果economics:经济学athletics:体育学mechanics:机械学semantics:语义学linguistics:语言学tactics:兵法/策略当这类名词表示学科以外的其它意义时用作复数Statisticsisnotasdifficultassomepeoplethink.Thelateststatisticsoncrimearebeyonddescription.注:下列以ics结尾的名词仅用作单数classics:杰作,著作comics:连环图画ethics:伦理学cosmetics:化妆品4.以S结尾的地理名称如山脉，海峡，瀑布，群岛等谓语动词通常用作复数theWestIndies西印度群岛theBahamas巴哈马群岛theHimalayas喜马拉雅山脉theStraitsofGibraltar直布罗陀海峡theNiagaraFalls尼亚加拉瀑布theRockies落基山脉但如果是国名，则用作单数，如:theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations,theNetherlands（荷兰）。5.由二部分组成的物体通常以S结尾，如果不带“一把”等单位词而单独使用，通常用作复数。scissors剪子shears大剪刀pincers、tongs钳子pliers老虎钳pajamas睡衣，宽长裤suspenders吊裤带knickers短裤，灯笼裤pants裤子jeans工装裤shorts短裤briefs三角裤shoesglasses/spectacles眼镜binoculars望远镜chopsticks如带有单位词，则由单位词的单/复数来决定谓语动词的单/复数Apairofshoeswasonthedesk.6.下列以s结尾的名词通常用作复数archives:档案arms:武器eaves:屋檐contents:内容goods:货物suburbs:郊区thanks:谢意wages:工资stairs:楼梯remains:遗体morals:道德，品行minutes:记录注:whereabouts(行踪，下落)，dramatics(舞台艺术)可用单/复数7.凡是由-ings结尾的名词常用作复数clippings:剪下来的东西filings:锉屑earnings:收入diggings:掘出的东西lodgings:租的房间surroundings:环境sweepings:扫拢的垃圾注:tidings(消息,音信)可用作单或复数８.以Ｓ结尾的单，复数同形的名词，谓语动词形式取决于这些名词是用作单数还是用作复数；意义不同，单／复数也不同barracks:营房headquarters:总部means:方法,手段,工具series:系列species:种类works:工厂crossroads:十字路口Thisglassworkswassetupin2008.Theseglassworksareneartherailwaystation.9.少数名词用作单数和用作复数意义不同What’stheodds?有什么要紧？=whatdoesitmatter?（差别）Theoddsareagainstus.我们成功的机会很小。（可能的机会）Themartyr’sremainswereburiedatthefootofthehill.遗体Hereistheremainsofthetemple.遗迹练习：1.TheAlps(covers,cover)anareaof200,000squarekilometersand(is,are)thegreatestmountainrangeinEurope.2.Draughts(is,are)aneasiergamethanchess.3.What(is,are)hispolitics?4.TheremainsofShakespeare(is,are)buriedonStratford-on-Avon.5.Politics(is,are)theartorscienceofgovernment.6.MrSmith’smorals(is,are)abovecriticism.7.Usuallyabirdspeciesfacingthedangerofextinction(gains,gain)publicrecognition.8Thespeciesoffishintheaquarium(is,are)numerous.1.通常用作复数的集体名词:people,police,folk,youth,cattle,poultry,militia,verminHiscattlewerestilllean.Suchverminasbugsandratsarehardtogetridof.Manycattlearekept.饲养了很多牲畜。Severalhundredpolicewereonduty.几百个警察在执勤。Thepolicearesearchingforhim.2.通常用作单数的集体名词:advice,baggage,equipment,information,knowledge,machinery,scenery,news,foliage,merchandise,furnitureThemerchandiseondisplayintheshopwindowisverygood.Allthemachineryisnew.3.既可用作复数也可用作单数的集体名词：family,army,group,committee,company,government,enemy,class,team,party,club,majority,crowd,audience,jury,union,fleet（舰队）,faculty（能力；大学教职人员），crew，publicHisfamilyareallmusiclovers.Hisfamilyisn’tlarge.Hisfamily___goingtohavealongjourney.Thewholefamily____watchingTV.练习：1.Thejury____inopinionabout“sentenceofdeath.”A.disagreesB.disagreeC.agreesD.hasdisagreed2.Todaythepublic____aboutthewaynatureisbeingruined.A.areconcernedB.isconcernedC.havebeenconcernedD.isbeingconcerned3.Thecommitteecan'tcometoadecisionbecause____atodds.A.ithasB.theyhaveC.itisD.theyare4.Themajority_____onBen'sside,butPeterdisagreeswiththemontwopoints.A.wereB.wasC.isD.areKeys:bdddIII.并列结构(CoordinateSubject)做主语的主谓一致1.用and或both…and连接并列主语，谓语通常用复数Tomeantodosomethingandtoactuallydosomethingaretwoseparatethings.但是当并列主语指的是同一个人，事物或概念时，谓语用单数，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy.Thegirl’steacherandfriendisayoungdoctor.Toloveandtobelovedisthegreathappiness.Totryandfailisbetterthannottotryatall.Aknifeandforkisonthetable.Breadandbutterisourdailyfood.类似结构有：whiskyandsoda,strawberryandcream,saltandwater,hamandegg,cartandhorse，fishandchips等。2.当and连接的单数主语前面有each,every,manya,no等修饰时，（即manya…andmanya…;every…andevery…;each…andeach…;no…andno…）谓语动词用单数Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasseenthebrighter-than-expectedwhiteflashoflight.Noteacherandnostudentwaspresentattheopeningceremony.3.如主语是单数，尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan,ratherthan,like,but,except,besides,inadditionto等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数Thatman,aswellashiswife,isaccusedofmolestingminorssince1950s.Aprofessor,togetherw